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JOURNAL OF BIOSOCIAL SCIENCE


93.55.01 - English - A.I. CHOWDHURY, Vincent 
FAUVEAU and K.M.A. AZIZ, International Centre for Diarrhoeal 
Disease Research, Dhaka (Bangladesh)
Effect of Child Survival on Contraceptive Use in Bangladesh (p. 
427-432)
A study in Bangladesh showed that couples who lost a child often 
stopped practising contraception in order to have another child. 
Logistic regression analysis revealed that contraceptive 
continuation was related to maternal age, parity, husband's 
education and the sex of the last child.
93.55.02 - English - David HUBACHER, Family 
Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC (E.U.) et al.
Estimating Infant Mortality Rates Prospectively in Honduras (433-
445)
In order to determine the validity of infant mortality estimates 
based on retrospective reporting, the Honduran Ministry of Health 
carried out a follow-up survey of women interviewed in a 1987 
national survey. Women were interviewed approximately 14 months 
after the baseline survey and were asked about the outcomes of 
their pregnancies and the survival status of their young children. 
The overall infant mortality rate calculated from the follow-up 
survey was lower than that obtained from the baseline survey, due 
to the particularly low rate among the group of women who were 
pregnant at the time of the baseline survey. Possible explanations 
for this low rate are discussed.
93.55.03 - English - Abbas BHUIYA, (address to 
be completed), and Kim STREATFIELD, Department of Demography, 
Australian National University, G.P.O. Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601 
(Australia)
A Hazard Logit Model Analysis of Covariates of Childhood Mortality 
in Matlab, Bangladesh (p. 447-462)
In a prospective study in Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, the 
relationship between a variety of covariates and childhood 
mortality was examined. Economic status of household, education of 
mother, sex of the children, health intervention programmes, age 
of mother, and live birth order of the children were identified as 
having a statistically significant impact on child survival when 
the effect of age was controlled. The effects of sex of the 
children, health programmes, age of mother, and birth order were 
found to be dependent on the age of the children, but the effect 
of mother's education was dependent on sex of the children.
93.55.04 - English - Yaw OHENEBA-SAKYI, 
Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Potsdam 
College, Potsdam, New York (U.S.A.)
Determinants of Current Contraceptive Use among Ghanaian Women at 
the Highest Risk of Pregnancy (p. 463-475)
This study uses data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 
(GDHS) of 1988 to examine factors determining the continued low 
levels of contraceptive use in Ghana. The women currently using 
efficient contraception are those who have sexual intercourse 
regularly, who discuss family planning with their partner, whose 
husbands approve of the use of family planning, and who live in 
the northern sector of the country. The finding that husband's 
approval is an important determinant of eficient contraceptive use 
has significant policy implications for Ghana and other African 
countries, to motivate both husbands and wives to share fertility 
control responsibilities.
93.55.05 - English - Ulf HÖGBERG, Department 
of Obstetrics, and Stig WALL, Department of Epidemiology and 
Health Care Research, Umea University (Sweden)
Secular Trends of Twinning Rate in Sweden (p. 487-496)
The change in parity and maternal age in Sweden accounts for the 
decline in the twinning rate from the 19th century to the middle 
of the 20th century. The later decline in twinning rate cannot be 
explained by changes in maternal age and parity. Fecundity appears 
to be higher in mothers of twins than in other mothers.
93.55.06 - English - Eiichi UCHIDA, Shunichi 
ARAKI and Katsuyuki MURATA, Department of Public Health, Faculty 
of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo (Japan)
Socioeconomic Factors Affecting the Longevity of the Japanese 
Population: A Study for 1980 and 1985 (p. 497-504)
The effects of urbanisation, low income and rejuvenation of the 
population on life expectancy at birth and at 20, 40 and 65 years 
of age for males and females in Japan were examined twice, in 1980 
and 1985. For males, urbanisation was the major factor determining 
life expectancy at birth and at age 20 years, and low income was 
the key determinant of decreased life expectancy except at 65 
years of age. For females high income was the factor significantly 
decreasing life expectancy at 65 years of age in 1980, and 
rejuvenation of the population inversely influenced life 
expectancy except at birth in 1985. Life expectancy for all age 
groups in 1985 was significantly longer than in 1980 for both 
males and females.
93.55.07 - English - Jesper L. BOLDSEN, 
Institute of Community Health, University of Odense (Denmark)
Geographical Distribution of some Danish Surnames: Reflections of 
Social and Natural Selection (p. 505-513)
Geographical differences in the frequencies of eight common 
surnames in Jutland (Denmark) are analysed using data from 
telephone directories of 121 exchanges. All the names showed a 
significant geographical surplus variance, which was divided into 
trend and patchiness components reflecting the history of the 
names. The surplus variance of surnames with restricted areas of 
origin was dominated by a large trend component; for surnames with 
an originally more even distribution, the patchiness component was 
dominant. The patterns of distribution were affected by processes 
which modelled natural selection with linkage disequilibrium. The 
combined patchiness within the clusters of exchanges gave 
information about patterns of local migration and level of social 
integration in the communities. Areas situated in boundary regions 
show high levels of patchiness.
93.55.08 - English - Linda A. WEBSTER, 
Information Resources Management Office, Centers for Disease 
Control, Atlanta (U.S.A.) et al.
Prevalence and Determinants of Caesarean Section in Jamaica (p. 
(p. 515-525)
The prevalence and determinants of primary caesarean section in 
Jamaica were estimated from a survey of women aged 14-49 years. 
Among 2,328 women reporting 2,395 live hospital births during the 
period January 1984 to May 1989, the prevalence of caesarean 
section was 4.1%. Repeat caesarean sections accounted for 1.3% of 
the hospital births during that period. Of the medical 
complications studied, prolonged labour and/or cephalopelvic 
disproportion carried the highest risks of primary caesarean 
section, followed by breech presentation, maternal diabetes, a 
high birth-weight baby, maternal hypertension, and a low birth-
weight baby. The risk of primary caesarean section increased with 
maternal age, decreased with parity, was higher for urban than for 
rural residents, and was higher for births in private versus 
government hospitals.
93.55.09 - English - Dimitri PRYBYLSKI, Papua 
New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Tari, Southern Highlands 
Province (Papua New Guinea) et al.
Measurement of Child Mortality in Association with a Multipurpose 
Birth Certificate Programme in the Southern Highlands Province of 
Papua New Guinea (p. 527-537)
A simple and inexpensive method for monitoring child mortality in 
association with birth registration was introduced into the 
Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. 8,201 newborn infants were 
registered in 1988, approximately 77% of all children born in that 
year. The risk of death by age 2 was determined from reports given 
by the mother on the present status of a previously born child at 
the time of a recent delivery or during clinic registration of the 
current birth. This was 91 per 1,000 for the province and 
corresponds to a risk of death by age 1 of 77/1,000 by 
extrapolation using standard lifetables. This method was validated 
by comparison with a continuing demographic surveillance system 
covering 30,000 people in the western part of the province. The 
new birth certificate has been an incentive to increase supervised 
delivery rates and to generate a register that can be used to 
increase vaccination coverage.
93.55.10 - English - A.M. WEST, Child Care and 
Development Group, N.J. MACKINTOSH, Department of Experimental 
Psychology, and C.G.N. MASCIE-TAYLOR, Department of Biological 
Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN (U.K.)
Cognitive and Educational Attainment in Different Ethnic Groups 
(p. 539-554)
The educational attainment of over 2,000 children aged 7-15 years 
from six different ethnic groups was assessed. Children of 
Pakistani and of Bangladeshi origin tended to obtain the lowest 
mean scores on all tests, often well below those of West Indian 
children, who tended to perform as well as Indian children and 
often no worse than the indigenous majority. There were few signs 
of any reliable trends over age. Differences were more pronounced 
on tests of reading and vocabulary than on tests of mathematics 
but, on tests of non-verbal reasoning, most ethnic minorities also 
obtained low scores. Many of these differences were associated 
with differences in social and family circumstances.
93.55.11 - English - Sylvia KIRCHENGAST, I. 
Universitats-Frauenklinik, Vienna (Austria)
Relations between Fertility, Body Shape and Menopause in Austrian 
Women (p. 555-559)
The influence of number and date of pregnancies, births, and 
spontaneous and induced abortions on body shape, age at menopause 
and menopausal symptoms have been studied for 110 postmenopausal 
Viennese women. A significant correlation between fertility and 
age at menopause was not found, but several menopausal symptoms 
showed statistically significant correlations with fertility. With 
a higher number of pregnancies the individual symptoms became more 
severe.
93.55.12 - English - Carlos VAREA, 
Departamento de Biologia, Unidad de Anthropologia, Universidad 
Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid (Spain)
Marriage, Age at Last Birth and Fertility in a Traditional 
Moroccan Population (p. 1-5)
A sample of 842 rural women from Morocco (Amizmiz, Marrakech) was 
used to examine the relationship between a number of biosocial 
variables and fertility patterns. For women still in their 
reproductive years there were significant correlations between 
family size and woman's age, age at marriage and years of 
marriage. Among women with completed families, those with early 
age at marriage ceased childbearing about 10 years before reaching 
menopause, while women who married later continued to bear 
children until the end of their fertile life.
JANUARY 1993 - VOLUME 25, NUMBER 1
93.55.13 - English - Viyayan K. PILLAI, 
Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of North 
Texas, Denton, Texas (U.S.A.)
Men and Family Planning in Zambia (p. 17-23)
This paper examines the sociodemographic factors which influence 
familiarity with methods of family planning among 85 males holding 
low paying jobs in the University of Zambia, Lusaka. The results 
showed that wife's education had a significant and positive effect 
on husband's familiarity with family planning methods. In the 
longer term, female education is likely to emerge as an important 
factor in the onset of fertility decline in Zambia.
93.55.14 - English - Graham C. SUTTON, 
Department of Public Health, Ackton Hospital, Pontefract, 
Yorkshire (U.K.)
Do Men Grow to Resemble their Wives, or Vice Versa? (p. 25-29)
Sixty-eight engaged couples, 113 newly weds, and 222 couples 
married for over 5 years,0 were studied for a number of physical, 
psychological and socioeconomic traits. The measurements were 
repeated a year later. Correlations were highest for age 
(r = 0.454, 0.903 and 0.888 respectively). They were also high for 
height (but not weight), neuroticism (but not extroversion), 
occupation, education, religion and smoking. Similarities were 
already present about the time of marriage, with little 
convergence or divergence. Thus, men do not grow to resemble their 
wives, nor vice versa.
93.55.15 - English - Abbas BHUIYA and Golam 
MOSTAFA, Demographic Surveillance System, International Centre for 
Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka (Bangladesh)
Levels and Differentials in Weight, Height and Body Mass Index 
among Mothers in a Rural Area of Bangladesh (p. 31-38)
This study examined the variation in weight, height and body mass 
index of 1,048 mothers living in a rural area of Bangladesh in 
relation to age, education, number of previous pregnancies, number 
of dead children, religion, family type, family size, and amount 
of land owned by the household. Multiple regression analysis 
revealed a positive relationship of education with all three 
variables. Moslem mothers were on average in better condition than 
Hindus. The number of dead children showed a negative relationship 
with height, weight and body mass idex.
93.55.16 - English - Nelson ONUOHA, Centre for 
Population Studies, 99 Gower Street, London (U.K.)
Nuptiality Patterns in Two West African States (p. 39-43)
Using data from the Demographic Health Survey for Ghana and 
Senegal, the influences of education and rural versus urban 
residence, and the difference between the two states on 
proportions married by various ages and on singulate mean age at 
marriage are investigated.
93.55.17 - English - N.N. SARKAR, Department 
of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 
New Delhi (India)
Sterilisation: Characteristics of Vasectomy Acceptors in Delhi 
(45-49)
The place of vasectomy within the sterilisation programme in Delhi 
over the period 1983-88 is reviewed and data on vasectomy 
acceptance and characteristics of acceptors are analysed. Findings 
suggest a need to improve the strategy for the promotion of 
vasectomy within the metropolis. 
93.55.18 - English - I-Cheng CHI and Shyam 
THAPA, Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC 
(U.S.A.)
Postpartum Tubal Sterilisation: An International Perspective on 
some Programmatic Issues (p. 51-61)
The demand for postpartum sterilisation (performed within 42 days 
after delivery), is increasing both in developed and developing 
countries. The incidence of regret after postpartum sterilisation 
is important, but it could be minimised by carefully screening 
risk factors. Using trained paramedical personnel to perform 
postpartum sterilisation via minilaparotomy where physicians are 
in short supply appears to be safe and acceptable, under close 
medical supervision. Including postpartum sterilisation 
information in the antenatal counselling services effectively 
strengthens postpartum services and simultaneously helps to 
minimise subsequent regret.
93.55.19 - English - G. BIONDI, Department of 
Animal Biology, University of Turin, Turin (Italy) et al.
Inbreeding Coefficients from the Surnames of Grandparents of the 
Schoolchildren in Albanian-speaking Italian Villages (p. 63-71)
Data on grandparental surnames were obtained from children in 45 
Italo-Albanesi villages in nine provinces of southern Italy and 
Sicily. Concordance of surnames (isonymy) and inbreeding by 
village were estimated for each province and on the total sample. 
Total mean isonymy is 0.0251. The weighted mean inbreeding 
coefficient, and its random and non-random components are 0.0063, 
0.0024 and 0.0039, respectively. Isonymy values are similar to 
those of rural Italian villages except that Alpine and some 
Appennine villages appear to be more isolated and inbred.
93.55.20 - English - B.L. LONG, 1250 Woodhill 
Avenue, Wayzata, Minnesota 55391 (U.S.A.), G. UNGPAKORN and G.A. 
HARRISON, Institute of Biological Anthropology, University of 
Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD (U.K.)
Home-school Differences in Stress Hormone Levels in a Group of 
Oxford Primary Schoolchildren (p. 73-78)
Twenty-three girls and 13 boys, aged between 4 and 9 years, gave 
urine samples which were measured by HPLC for adrenaline, 
noradrenaline, cortisol and cortisone on a school day and on a 
home day. Home levels of noradrenaline, cortisol and cortisone 
were consistently higher than school levels. Cortisol was 
positively correlated with adrenaline and noradrenaline at home, 
but not at school. These results may suggest that the school day 
represents a stimulating but comparatively structured environment 
with little negative affect, while the home day is characterised 
by stimulation but relative uncertainty in social interactions.
93.55.21 - English - Stanley J. ULIJASZEK, 
Department of Biological Anthropology, Unviersity of Cambridge, 
Cambridge CB2 1TN (U.K.)
Influence of Birth Interval and Child Labour on Family Energy 
Requirements and Dependency Ratios in Two Traditional Subsistence 
Economies in Africa (p. 79-86)
The consequences of different birth intervals on dietary energy 
requirements and dependency ratios at different stages of the 
family lifecycle are modelled for Gambian agriculturalists and 
Kung hunter-gatherers. Energy requirements reach a peak at between 
20 and 30 years after starting a family for the Gambians, and 
between 15 and 20 years for the Kung. For the Gambians, shorter 
birth interval confers no economic advantage over the traditional 
birth interval of 30 months. For the Kung, the lack of 
participation in subsistence activities by children gives an 
output-input ratio in excess of that reported in other studies, 
suggesting that they are in a state of chronic energy deficiency.
93.55.22 - English - Barthelemy Kuate DEFO and 
Melissa PARTIN, Center for Demography and Ecology and Department 
of Preventive Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 
Wisconsin 53706 (U.S.A.)
Determinants of Low Birthweight: A Comparative Study (p. 87-100)
The study compares biological, socioeconomic and behavioural 
determinants of low birthweight in Cameroon and the United States. 
Some factors in low birthweight are found to be cross-national, 
but others are specific to the setting. Positive risk factors of 
low birthweight in both countries include unmarried motherhood, 
female sex, multiple births, and preterm births. Outcome of the 
previous pregnancy is a positive risk factor in the US, but not in 
Cameroon. Significant negative risk factors include prenatal care 
visits (in both countries), mother's education (in the US only), 
births to mothers aged 20-34 and birth orders of 2 or more (in 
Cameroon only). Separate analyses of all births and the subsamples 
of singleton births reveal that estimates for the two groups 
differ only marginally.
93.55.23 - English - Alvaro RODRIGUEZ-
LARRALDE, Laboratorio de Genetica Humana, Instituto Venezolano de 
Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas (Venezuela)
Genetic Distance Estimated through Surname Frequencies of 37 
Counties from the State of Lara, Venezuela (p. 101-110)
Genetic distances between all possible pairs of counties (n=37) in 
the state of Lara, Venezuela, were calculated using surname 
frequencies and the Euclidean distance as estimator. In general, 
Euclidean distances were smaller between counties closer together, 
and the product moment correlation between geographic and 
Euclidean distances was 0.49 (p<0.02). The results suggest that, in 
Lara, geographic distance has been an important determinant of 
genetic structure, although topography and roadways also have had 
an important influence upon this structure.
93.55.24 - English - A.H. BITTLES, King's 
College, University of London, London (U.K.), J.M. COBLE, 
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and N. Appaji 
RAO, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (India)
Trends in Consanguineous Marriage in Karnataka, South India, 1980-
89 (p. 111-116)
Analysis of data on 106,848 marriages in the cities of Bangalore 
and Mysore, South India, between 1980 and 1989 showed that levels 
of consanguineous marriage varied between cities through time and 
by religion. The average coefficient of inbreeding was higher in 
Bangalore (F=0.0339) than in Mysore (F=0.0203), principally 
reflecting large-scale, post-Independence rural migration into 
Bangalore. Although there was some evidence of a decline in 
consanguineous marriages in Mysore, there was no convincing 
support in either city for earlier projections of a rapid 
reduction in the popularity of unions between close biological 
relatives.
93.55.25 - English - I. Richard UDRY and 
Lionel DEANG, Carolina Population Center, University of North 
Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997 (U.S.A.)
Determinants of Coitus after Childbirth (p. 117-125)
Using a sample of 3,080 women from Cebu, Philippines, interviewed 
immediately after childbirth and every two months thereafter for 
two years, the determinants of return to coitus are analysed. 80% 
of the women returned to coitus before the return of menses, and 
90% did so before stopping breast-feeding. In hazards models, 
variables associated with traditional life styles retarded return 
to coitus. Situational variables (husband resident, crowding, 
children aged 6 and under), especially husband residence, and 
biological variables (mother's age, return to menses, and 
lactation) were significant predictors of return to coitus. The 
implications of the analysis for the construction of models of 
birth interval dynamics are discussed.
93.55.26 - English - Namvar ZOHOORI, Barry M. 
POPKIN and Maria E. FERNANDEZ, Department of Nutrition and 
Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel 
Hill, NC 27516-3997 (U.S.A.)
Breast-feeding Patterns in the Philippines: A Prospective Analysis 
(p. 127-138)
Data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey have been used to 
examine breast-feeding patterns in the Metorpolitan Cebu region of 
the Philippines. The results show that there is extensive and 
early use of non-nutritive liquids, resulting in low levels of 
exclusive breast-feeding. The use of cross-sectional versus 
longitudinal data, the definition of exclusive breast-feeding, and 
movements in and out of the exclusively breast-fed category, are 
considered.
APRIL 1993 - VOLUME 25, NUMBER 2
93.55.27 - English - K.K. SINGH, Carolina 
Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 
27516-3997 (U.S.A.) et al.
Analysis of Birth Intervals in India's Uttar Pradesh and Kerala 
States (p. 143-153)
Life tables of birth intervals and median birth intervals in two 
Indian states, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala, were computed for several 
subgroups of the study population. Multivariate hazards modelling 
technique was used to examine the net effect of each of the 
variables studied. The results show a substantial effect of 
socioeconomic variables in child-spacing after controlling for the 
major intermediate variables.
93.55.28 - English - A RAHIM and B. RAM, 
Demography Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6 
(Canada)
Emerging Patterns of Child-spacing in Canada (p. 155-167)
This study used data from the 1984 Family History Survey conducted 
by Statistics Canada to examine recent trends and patterns of 
child-spacing among currently married women. Life table and 
proportional hazards estimates show that Canadian women, 
particularly those in younger age groups with higher education and 
longer work experience, start having children late, but have 
subsequent children rather quickly. This suggests that such women 
tend to complete childbearing within a compressed time period.
93.55.29 - English - Carolyn MAKINSON, Andrew 
W. MELLON Foundation, New York (U.S.A.)
Estimates of Adult Mortality in Burundi (p. 169-186)
Adult mortality in Burundi during the 1970s and 1980s is estimated 
using data from the 1987 Demographic and Health Suvrey (DHS). Estimates from 
traditional indirect methods are comprared with those from the 
inter-survey method using data on the number of years since the 
respondent's parent died. Life expectancy at birth was estimated 
as 48.55 years for males and 51.23 years for females.
93.55.30 - English - Kathleen FORD, Department 
of Population Planning and International Health, University of 
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (U.S.A.)
Breast-feeding and Child Health in the United States (p. 187-194)
This paper evaluates the influence of breast-feeding on infectious 
and allergic diseases in infants and children through an analysis 
of data from a large national sample of US children. It controls 
for a large number of maternal and child health, demographic, and 
socioeconomic variables which have been shown to affect feeding 
patterns, and it includes several aspects of the feeding pattern 
in addition to breast-feeding. The results suggest that breast-
fedding provides some protection against pneumonia and otitis 
media in the United States while early introduction of formula may 
have a separate and negative effect.
93.55.31 - English - Robert J. MAGNANI, School 
of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New 
Orleans, Louisiana 70118 (U.S.A.) et al.
Breast-feeding, Water and Sanitation, and Childhood Malnutrition 
in the Philippines (p. 195-211)
This study examines effects and interactions of socioeconomic 
status, access to water supply and sanitation, and breast-feeding 
practices in relation to child growth in two provincial cities in 
the Philippines. Multivariate analysis identified food expenditure 
per head, education of the household head and gender of the child 
as significant predictors of nutritional status. The duration of 
partial and full breast-feeding was negatively (though non-
significantly) associated with growth. Sanitation facilities and 
breast-feeding are, however, important determinants during the 
first year of life. Among children over one year of age, 
socioeconomic variables and gender are the most important 
predictors. Breast-feeding is shown to provide more important 
health benefits for children in lower income households. The need 
for further studies on the causes of gender differences in 
nutritional status was apparent.
93.55.32 - English - Vijaya KRISHNAN, 11247-79 
Avenue, Edmonton T6G 0P2 (Canada)
Gender of Children and Contraceptive Use (p. 213-221)
In 1984, half of married/cohabiting Canadian women aged 18-49 
years were using contraception, with sterilisation being the most 
prevalent method. This study, using data from the 1984 Canadian 
Fertility Survey of 5,315 women aged 18-49 years, found that there was a 
preference for sons. Women with two sons are more likely to use 
contraception than those who have had two daughters; the gender of 
children may have a weak effect on contraceptive behaviour of 
Canadian couples at higher parities. Sociocultural factors (e.g. 
education, religion, religiosity) were also found to influence 
contraceptive behaviour.
93.55.33 - English - Abate MAMMO, 129 E 
Hanover Street, New Jersey State Department of Health, Trenton 
(U.S.A.)
Factors Responsible for Childhood Mortality Variation in Rural 
Ethiopia (p. 223-238)
This paper uses the 1981 National Rural Demographic Survey to document 
childhood mortality variations in rural areas of Ethiopia. Four 
significant findings are highlighted. (1) Health status of parents 
is identified as an important determinant of childhood mortality. 
(2) Religion, region of residence and ehtnicity interact in their 
effects on childhood mortality and the effect of ethnicity varies 
in different regions for the same religion; in some areas 
ethnicity may serve as a proxy for economic and cultural 
differences. (3) Childhood mortality is inversely related to 
literacy status of parents, which may also reflect socioeconomic 
status. (4) The data show a clear difference in childhood 
mortality between the famine-prone areas and the rest.
93.55.34 - English - G. BRUNET, Département de 
Démographie et Génétique, Institut Européen des Génomutations, 
CNRS URA 1171, Faculté de Médecine Grange-Blanche, Lyon (France) 
et al.
Diffusion of a Particular 4.1(-) Hereditary Elliptocytosis Allele 
in the French Northern Alps (p. 239-247)
Heretozygous 4.1(-) hereditary elliptocytosis results from the 
absence of one haploid set of protein 4.1, a major component of 
the red cell skeleton. Two successive epidemiological 
investigations revealed 15 probands in the French Northern Alps. 
The frequency of this disease seems to be very high in four small 
villages isolated in the Aravis mountains. The genealogical study 
shows that 11 probands share common ancestors who lived eight or 
ten generations ago in these villages. Thus there was probably a 
founder effect from one pair of ancestors, strengthened by 
endogamy. In contrast, four probands originate from another area 
and are not genealogically related. Recent results in molecular 
genetics support the present data.
93.55.35 - English - Ronald H. GRAY, Johns 
Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, 
Baltimore, Maryland (U.S.A.) et al.
Evaluation of Natural Family Planning Programmes in Liberia and 
Zambia (p. 249-258)
Studies to evaluate use-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of 
natural family planning (NFP) were conducted in Liberia and 
Zambia. The Liberian programme provided uni-purpose NFP services 
to 1,055 clients mainly in rural areas; the Zambian programme 
provided NFP services integrated with MCH to 2,709 clients 
predominantly in urban areas. The one-year life table continuation 
and unplanned pregnancy rates were 78.9 and 4.3 per 100 woman-
years in Liberia, compared to 71.2 and 8.9 in Zambia. However, 
high rates of loss to follow-up mandate caution in interpretation 
of these results, especially in Zambia. More women progressed to 
autonomous NFP use in Liberia (58%) than in Zambia (35.3%). 
However, programme costs per couple-year protection were lower in 
Zambia (US$25.7) than in Liberia (US$47.1). Costs per couple-year 
protection were higher during learning than autonomy, and declined 
over time. These studies suggest than NFP programmes can achieve 
acceptable use- and cost-effectiveness in Africa.
93.55.37 - English - Craig T. NAGOSHI, 
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe (U.S.A.)
Family Background, Cognitive Abilities, and Personality as 
Predictors of Education and Occupational Attainment Across Two 
Generations (p. 259-276)
This study reports on the relative influences of parental 
attainment and cognitive ability and subjects' own cognitive 
ability, personality, and social attitudes on the educational and 
occupational attainments and incomes of 183 Generation 3 subjects 
of Caucasian ancestry and 186 of Japanese ancestry originally 
tested in 1972-76 in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition (HFSC) 
and re-tested in 1987-88. In contrast to earlier reports of sex 
differences in the influence of Generation 2 attainment and on 
Generation 3 attainment when these offspring were younger, family 
background had a trivial influence and own cognitive ability had a 
substantial influence on educational attainment for both 
racial/ethnic groups and both sexes. For income, however, own 
cognitive ability was only a significant predictor for male 
subjects. Within-family correlational analyses also supported this 
sex difference in influences on attainment.

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