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France (Paris) 06

DONNEES SOCIALES

1995

96.06.1 - French - Fabienne Daguet, Division Enquêtes et Etudes Démographiques, INSEE

The demographic balance of the century (Le bilan démographique du siècle) (p. 12-21)

In the 20th century, movements of the French population are often an extension of the trends which had already got underway during the previous century. Mortality is declining and occurs less and less frequently before old age. Fertility, in spite of the baby boom which followed the Second World War, is in overall decline. Immigration is increasing and accounts for a sizeable share of any population increase, the latter being particularly significant during the second half of the century. The sex and age structure of the population has been modified under the effect of the wars, fertility variations and increased duration of life. Ageing, in particular, is rife. (FRANCE, HISTORY, POPULATION SITUATION)

96.06.2 - French - Christine COUET, Division Enquêtes et Etudes Démographiques, INSEE Births out of wedlock (Les naissances hors mariage) (p. 22-29)

In 1993, 33% of all children born were born to unmarried parents as opposed to 6% in 1960. The progression in this rate has been constant since the 1960s and can be observed, albeit at varying paces, in all social milieus. While these children are being less and less often legitimised by their parents' marriage, the large majority of them are now acknowledged by their fathers at birth or during the first years of their lives. (FRANCE, ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS)

96.06.3 - French - Jean-Samy AZIZ, INSEE Antilles-Guyane, and Jacques Lavertu, Division Enquêtes et Etudes Démographiques, INSEE Employment, training or migration: What choice is there for natives of the overseas territories? (Emploi, formation ou migration : quel choix pour les natifs des Dom ?) (p. 30-37)

One and a half million French people, born in the overseas territories, actually reside on mainland France now. Amongst these 316,000 are living in Paris. Looking for a more favourable labour market, maintaining the family unit, national service obligations or acquiring training are some of the reasons given for migrating. The author examines the complex relationships between migration, training and employment. (FRANCE, COLONIAL COUNTRIES)

96.06.4 - French - Bernard ERNST, Division Emploi, INSEE Labour market and the economic cycle (Marché du travail et cycle conjoncturel) (p. 98-103)

During the last ten years, the French economy has gone through the stages of a very distinctive economic cycle: strong growth between 1986 and 1989, slowing down from 1990 onwards, followed by a recession in early 1993. Since the beginning of 1994, the economy has again began to create some jobs. An analysis of the labour market's adaptation to variations in activity rates during the overall cycle which has just been completed makes it possible to better comprehend the dynamics in the revival phase which is now beginning: what is the role of short-term employment and the role of the duration of employment in the adjustment of businesses' figures? What population categories are the most prone to periodic fluctuations in the economy? What are the consequences for unemployment? (FRANCE, LABOUR MARKET)

96.06.5 - French - Daniel Brondel, Division Emploi, INSEE, Danièle GUILLEMOT, Commissariat général du Plan, and Pierre MARIONI, Ministère du Travail et des Affaires Sociales, 1 place de Fontenoy, 75350 Paris Cedex 07 (France)

The economically active population: Determinants of trends and future prospects (La population active : facteurs d'évolution et perspectives) (p. 110-116)

Since the mid-1960s, the economically active population has increased at a rapid rate due to the arrival on the labour market of the full generations born during the baby boom period. At the same time, it has been completely transformed: the presence of females has become progressively marked while economic activity has become less frequent at the two extremes of a working life. However, it is the demographic factors which will have the main role to play in further trends of the economically active population. While the distant future remains relatively open, a reversal of past trends will probably occur in the mid-term, from about 2006 onwards when the economically active population numbers would decline. (FRANCE, LABOUR FORCE, POPULATION PROJECTIONS)

96.06.6 - French - François Jeger-Madiot, Département Formation professionnelle et qualifications à la Dares, Ministère du Travail et des Affaires Sociales, 1 place de Fontenoy, 75350 Paris Cedex 07 (France)

Employment and unemployment in professional families (L'emploi et le chômage des familles professionnelles) (p. 117-123)

The trend in the number of jobs during the last five years does not suffice to explain the difference in unemployment rates between various occupations. The precarious nature of certain jobs in the services' sector - while undergoing growth - goes hand in hand with a high level of unemployment. And yet, it is in this sector and for unskilled labourers' jobs that young people are now being recruited. Only civil servants and health professionals are immune to unemployment. (FRANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT, OCCUPATION, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)

96.06.7 - French - Monique Meron et Claude Minni, Division Emploi, INSEE Jobs for youth: Arriving later and remaining more unstable than twenty years ago (L'emploi des jeunes : plus tardif et plus instable qu'il y a vingt ans) (p. 157-164)

The "glorious thirties", which could be characterised by a situation of jobs for practically everyone, or even a lack of people compared to the jobs available, were followed, in the last twenty years, by an economic situation where the supply of work was in excess of the jobs available and where imbalances on the labour market have become persistent. While the length of studies is increasing, it is taking young people longer and longer to gain access to a permanent job and their insertion into the labour market frequently occurs after a spell in unemployment. Between the ages of 15 and 29, 40% of young people are in a job compared to 57% twenty years ago; these jobs are very often of a temporary nature or part-time and unemployment, which has almost trebled, will touch one young person out of every ten in this age group. On their paths towards occupational insertion, qualifications and the length of time spent on the labour market have a determinant role to play. (FRANCE, YOUNG WORKERS, UNEMPLOYMENT, LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION)

96.06.8 - French - Olivier Marchand and Liliane Salzberg, Ministère du Travail et des Affaires Sociales, 1 place de Fontenoy, 75350 Paris Cedex 07 (France) Managing ages in the French way - Is this a handicap for the future? (La gestion des âges à la Frenche, un handicap pour l'avenir ?) (p. 165-173)

The current ageing of the labour force in France is a result of demographic and economic trends. During the years when the population was rejuvenating (1960-1980), businesses were recruiting on a large scale, before this trend slowed down considerably from 1974 onwards. During the next fifteen years and whereas the population had begun to age, businesses started getting rid of their older workers and encountered some difficulties with the insertion of younger ones into their jobs due to the transformation of production methods and changes. Businesses are now trying to respond to the problem of the ageing of their workers by continuing to get rid of the older ones, in a more progressive way, of course, and by recruiting younger workers, but less of them. (FRANCE, DEMOGRAPHIC AGEING, MANPOWER PLANNING)

96.06.9 - French - Annick Echardour The career paths of immigrants originally from Portugal (La vie professionnelle des immigrés originaires du Portugal) (p. 181-187)

The behaviour of immigrants from Portugal with respect to their economically active lives is very similar to that of the French population. Workers born in Portugal who belong to a well settled immigration wave, have also undergone a complete transformation in their social surroundings as a result of the economic crisis. Their dynamism has made it possible for them to put up a fight. And yet, their employment structure has not basically changed in any way: of course, there are more and more skilled jobs, but the male economically active population is still composed of labourers. There is a very strong female presence on the labour market. (FRANCE, PORTUGAL, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, EMPLOYMENT)

96.06.10 - French - Dang Ha Doan BUI, Centre de Sociologie et de Démographie médicales, 60 bd de Latour-Maubourg, 75007 Paris (France) Physicians and health care in the coming decades (Médecins et soins des prochaines décennies) (p. 253-258)

For the first time, after a half-century of uninterrupted expansion, the number of physicians may begin to drop: 2010 would be the pivotal year for any such change. Physicians, not only less numerous but also, older, would have to adapt to rapid technical progress and to increased demands for care due to the ageing of the population. The current situation, where there is a surplus of medical personnel, should not obscure the prospect of lack of numbers in the future. (FRANCE, PHYSICIANS, PROJECTIONS)

96.06.11 - French - Gérard Badeyan, Anne Pinteaux and Bernadette Roussille Health in France: A contrasting balance (La santé en France : un bilan contrasté) (p. 265-275)

Looking at the synthetic indicators such as life expectancy and life expectancy without handicap, the health status of the French population would appear to be satisfactory, whether this is judged in comparison with similar countries or in terms of trends during the 1980s. Women live long lives and cardio-vascular pathological conditions are not killing people until later ages. But the population's health status does have some weak points and is even threatened with deterioration - witness the significance of mortality before the age of 65 and the emergence of new transmissible diseases or those which can occur as a result of medical care. (FRANCE, PUBLIC HEALTH, MORTALITY TRENDS)

96.06.12 - French - Jean-Marie Robine, Pierre Mormiche and Catherine Sermet Life and health improvement: Is this a combined effect of better living conditions and medical progress? (Vie et santé s'allongent : un effet conjoint de meilleures conditions d'existence et des progrès médicaux ?) (p. 283-291)

Between 1981 and 1991, life expectancy at birth increased in France by 2.5 years. Contrary to the fears of "an epidemic of handicaps" or "increased ill health" which have often been expressed, the high increase in life expectancy during the last ten years has been accompanied by a "compression of morbidity". In the present study, the authors examine the causes and the mechanics of this favourable trend. (FRANCE, MORTALITY DECLINE, MORBIDITY)

96.06.13 - French - Jacques Lavertu The family in France (La famille dans l'espace française) (p. 294-302)

With regard to its family structures, the face of France is changing only very slowly. The classical nuclear family is still dominant in the Northern half, while the bastions of the more complex household types are still to be found in the South-West. And yet, in the case of certain family types, the various areas of the country are becoming more similar. This is particularly the case for complex households. (FRANCE, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION)

96.06.14 - French - Guy Desplanques The family situation of the elderly (La situation familiale des personnes âgées) (p. 303-309)

More and more old people are now living on their own: should this increased propensity to live alone be considered the price to as pay for living a longer life? In the space of a century, life expectancy has increased by almost twenty five years and, for this reason, the number of elderly people has increased significantly. And yet, living longer is not the main factor responsible for increased solitude: the fact that various generations no longer live together has played an important part. And, moreover, there are also more and more elderly people still living together as a couple. (FRANCE, AGED, FAMILY COMPOSITION, SINGLE PERSONS)

96.06.15 - French - Claudine Attias-Donfut Solidarity between generations (Les solidarités entre générations) (p. 317-323)

The job crisis and the social benefits' crisis which go hand in hand have brought family solidarity to the fore as well as exchanges outwith the household with other members of the family network. Exchanges between generations can be very diverse in nature and their composition can vary at different life stages, depending on the beneficiaries' requirements. But any expression of family solidarity also depends on the resources and the norms inherent to each social milieu. (FRANCE, FAMILY, GENERATIONS, ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHY)

96.06.16 - French - Olivier Galland and Monique Meron The frontiers of youth (Les frontières de la jeunesse) (p. 324-326)

Leaving the family nest or forming a couple are events which now happen at a later age than in the past. Is this only due to difficulties encountered on trying to enter working life? An examination of trends shows that any delay in the various stages of entry into adult life can be partly explained by the increased length of studies and unemployment. The instability of first jobs is also an important factor. (FRANCE, YOUTH, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION)

96.06.17 - French - Suzanne THAVE Immigrants living outside the family framework (Les immigrés vivant hors du cadre familial) (p. 328-335)

Living outside the family framework, i.e., living without either a spouse or a child, is a more frequent occurrence amongst immigrants than amongst the French population as a whole. These immigrants are, in the majority, married men who originally came from Africa. They are mainly to be found living in workers' hostels, amongst people living alone in accommodation and, in a few cases, living in households composed of people with whom they have no direct family links. Immigrant women living outside a family framework live most often on their own in their accommodation. Most of them are elderly, widowed and originally from Europe, except for Portugal. (FRANCE, IMMIGRANTS, SINGLE PERSONS)

96.06.18 - French - Patrick SIMON Immigrants and living quarters: Their singularity is waning (Les immigrés et le logement : une singularité qui s'atténue) (p. 421-429)

Accommodation is at the heart of issues relating to the integration of immigrant populations. Finding decent living quarters is often a pre-requisite for the social integration of populations which, for many years, had remained on the fringes of society. The "normalization" of immigrants' living conditions is an ongoing process, in spite of the still too frequent gaps with regard to supply. (FRANCE, IMMIGRANTS, HOUSING CONDITIONS)

96.06.19 - French - Françoise GOURIO and Pierre VOLOVITCH Social care (La protection sociale) (p. 430-467)

During the latter half of the 1980s, expenditure on social care increased at a slower rate than the GIP. However, this trend has not been confirmed in the early 1990s. Under the joint effect of demographic and social trends (population ageing, increase in care consumption) and slower economic growth, the share of expenditure on social care within the GIP has again gathered momentum. This development has again raised the issue of how to finance the social care network. (FRANCE, SOCIAL SECURITY)

96.06.20 - French - Anne Lebeaupin and Frédérique Nortier The dependent elderly population: Current situation and future prospects (Les personnes âgées dépendantes : situation actuelle et perspectives d'avenir) (p. 468-473)

In 1995, out of eight million elderly people aged 65 or over, more than 700,000 suffered from some severe form of handicap which made them dependent on the assistance of a third party for everyday tasks: getting out of bed or getting washed and dressed. In the year 2020, the number of heavily dependent elderly people could increase by more than 500,000 (in the worst scenario), but more probably by between 100,000 to 200,000 more. However, there is no immediate cause for alarm: up until roughly the year 2010, the increase in this population will be limited. In 1993, the expenditure from the public purse in favour of the dependent elderly population could be estimated at 25 billion French francs. (FRANCE, AGED, DEPENDENCY, PHYSICALLY DISABLED, PROJECTIONS)

96.06.21 - French - Cécile LEFEVRE and Maria-Teresa PIGNONI

From unemployment to poverty (Du chômage à la pauvreté) (p. 498-505)

In 1993-1994, more than one quarter of the unemployed belonged to either large families or single-parent families. While unemployment is becoming a wide-spread phenomenon, its impact on household income can vary greatly depending on the unemployed person's role in the household. Young people who live at home with their parents and "heads of household" who find themselves out of work are in the most difficult situations. (FRANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY, FAMILY COMPOSITION)

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