THE TURKISH JOURNAL OF POPULATION STUDIES

Turkey (Ankara) 02

1994 - VOLUME 16

98.02.1 - English - Jeanne CUSHING and Edilberto LOAIZA, DHS Program, Macro International (U.S.A.)

Computer aided field editing in the DHS context: The Turkey experiment (p. 3-14)

In this study two types of field editing used during the Turkey Demographic and Health Survey are compared: computer aided field and manual editing. It is known that manual editing by field editors is a tedious job in which errors especially on skip questions can be missed, however with the aid of computers field editors could quickly find all occasions on which an interviewer incorrectly followed a skip instruction. At the end of the experiment it has been found out that the field editing done with the aid of a notebook computer was consistently better than that done in the standard manual manner. (TURKEY, DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS, DATA COLLECTION, METHODOLOGY, ERRORS, COMPUTERS)

98.02.2 - Turkish -Tahire ERMAN and Ahmet IÇDUYGU, Bilkent Üniversitesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bülümü (Turkey)

Turkey and the European Union: A comparison on population distribution and urbanization (Türkiye ve avrupa birligi: Nüfus dagilimi kentlesme açisindan bir karsilastirma) (p. 15-27)

Turkey has been struggling to become a full member of the European Community (now called the European Union) since the 1960s. In this process, the view that Turkey differs significantly from the European Union in terms of its population characteristics has been considered a major obstacle to the country's acceptance into the Union. This article explores this issue by comparing Turkey and EU in terms of population distribution and urbanization process. It examines the differences/similarities within the EU itself and asks to what extent Turkey is similar or different in this context. (TURKEY, EUROPE, URBANIZATION, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION)

98.02.3 - English - Ahmet GÖKDERE, Economics Department, Law School, Ankara University (Turkey)

An evaluation of Turkey's recent migration flows and stocks (p. 29-56)

During 1992 and early-93, the most striking feature of Turkish workers' migratory flows has been the dominance of the oil-exporting Arab countries and the Commonwealth of Independent State. This recent current seems to be completely different from western migration, which practically came to a halt. In spite of the decline in annual flows - 60,000 in 1992 - the number of Turkish workers and other nationals abroad has been increasing. As of April 1993, the total of the Turks surpassed 3 million. Workers' share in this total is 43.3%. Illegal workers are not and cannot be included in this total. Return movements have been maintaining their declining trends, by such low rates of return oscillating around 1-2% for Germany and the Netherlands. The average duration of stay is also increasing and some indicators of integration reflecting promising developments. As the exodus of the ethnic Turks from Bulgaria slowed down, Turkish authorities seem not to accept Turkey as a country of immigration. However, being enclaved by countries where serious political tensions and clashed have been continuing, Turkey goes on attracting persons, but the magnitude of these flows has not gained drastic dimensions. The first objective of Turkish government is to encourage the migratory flow to the oil-exporting Arab countries and to the new republics, emerged from the former USSR. Problems of migrant workers and their dependents, still being a matter of serious concern, seem to have been relegated. (TURKEY, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOW, GOVERNMENT POLICY)

98.02.4 - English - Abu Jafar Mohammad SUFIAN, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, King Faisal University, Damman (Saudi Arabia)

Socioeconomic determinants of crowding inside home in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia: A comparative analysis (p. 57-63)

To explore the relationship between the socioeconomic factors and the crowding inside home, measured as the average number of persons per room in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, two groups of families - Saudis, and non-Saudis - were examined by employing the dummy regression technique. For both Saudis and non-Saudis, the number of living children and income are significantly related with the number of persons per room. The other explanatory variable of significance, but only for Saudis, is the husband's occupation. (SAUDI ARABIA, PROVINCES, HOUSING CONDITIONS, ETHNIC GROUPS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS)

98.02.5 - Turkish - Turgay ÜNALAN, Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Hacettepe Üniversitesi (Turkey)

Ideal ages for marriage and having children (Ideal evlenme ve dogum yaslati) (p. 65-73)

Using the 1988 Turkish Population and Health Survey data, opinions of women about ideal age to get married, ideal ages for the first and last birth, and ideal time between two pregnancies were studied according to some socio-economic characteristics of the women. These ideals were further discussed to see whether they present a potential for fertility decline in the future. Women, in general, are found to get married before their ideal time for marriage, have their first children before their ideal age to have their first birth and have birth intervals which are shorter than their declared ideal time between two pregnancies. These data were also evaluated using information on ideal number of children and desire for more children and the findings point out that by increasing both the prevalence and effective use of modern family planning methods in Turkey, a potential exists for having further decreases in fertility levels. (TURKEY, FERTILITY DECLINE, AGE AT MARRIAGE, MATERNAL AGE, IDEAL FAMILY SIZE, BIRTH INTERVALS)

98.02.6 - English - Mahir ULUSOY, Institute of Population Studies, Hacettepe University (Turkey)

Sampling errors for some selected variables of 1993 survey: An alternative output (p. 75-106)

Sampling errors were calculated for some variables which are either not included or the base is defined differently in the main report of Demographic and Health Survey 1993, Turkey. (TURKEY, DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS, SAMPLING ERRORS)

1995-1996 - VOLUME 17-18

98.02.7 - Turkish - Aysen BULUT, Nuray YOLSAL, Füsun KAYATÜRK, Hacer NALBANT, Istanbul Üniversitesi (Turkey), Janet MOLZAN, Halk Sagligi Uzman (Turkey), Veronique FILIPPI, Tom MARSHAL and Wendy GRAHAM, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (U.K.)

Contraceptive methods used in Istanbul and the factors affecting the method choice and continuation (Istanbul'da kullanilan gebelikten korunma yöntemleri, bu yöntemlerin tercih ve kullanimini sürdürmede etkili faktörler) (p. 3-19)

This paper presents and discusses the results of a collaborative research, to investigate uptake and use of modern versus traditional contraceptive methods in a new settlement area in Istanbul. Two lay interviewers administered a questionnaire to a total of 867 women, on current and past contraceptive uptake. 90% (778) of 867 currently non-pregnant women whose mean of ages 31.4 were using a method of contraception at the time of the study. The majority of current contraceptive users (46%) employed withdrawal, alone or in combination, followed by 29% using IUD. Among ever-users, withdrawal and IUD remain the two most common methods. The use of these principal methods was found to be unrelated to age, family size or education, but there was a negative association of withdrawal use and positive association of permanent methods use with long-term residence in Istanbul. Contraceptive use is widely acknowledged in Turkey. Almost every women has heard of every method. People believe in side effects. Although some side effects may actually be occurring as also supported by the present data. In this community, despite the high failure rate of withdrawal, it appears that convenience and cleanliness of the method also play important roles in the choice. (TURKEY, METROPOLIS, CHOICE, CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE, COITUS INTERRUPTUS, IUD)

98.02.8 - English - K. C. BHUYAN, Department of Statistics, Garyounis University, Benghazi (Libya)

Fertility differentials according to females education, employment and family planning adoption in rural Bangladesh (p. 21-39)

The fertility levels and the impacts of important socio-economic variables on fertility were investigated separately for females of different levels of education, employment status and family planning adoption. Inverse relationship between fertility and levels of education of both female and male was observed. Duration of marriage and child mortality had positive impacts on number of ever born children. Differential impacts of socio-economic factors on fertility were observed among different groups of females. Female's education and adoption behaviour were the most influential determinants for these differential impacts. Increasing trend in the effect of child mortality was observed even among educated and adopter females. (BANGLADESH, RURAL ENVIRONMENT, DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE)

98.02.9 - English - Sevkat Bahar ÖZVARIS and Ayse Akin DERVISOGLU, Public Health Department, Hacettepe University School of Medicine (Turkey)

Operational research for an effective information and training approach for surgical contraception knowledge and attitude in Turkey (p. 41-53)

This study was conducted in two districts of Ankara (Etimesgut and Gölbasi), which are rural and semi-rural areas and consist of 27 villages, to identify the most effective training (information & education) approach to increase knowledge and change attitudes toward surgical contraception. Initially, 1,176 couples were included in this intervention study, but only 850 were accessible for the follow-up study. After three different training interventions, increase in knowledge scores on surgical contraception was observed to be higher in groups in which women were trained directly. However, this study shows that although the scores of knowledge increased, the training intervention did not cause a significant change in attitude. Training couples concurrently was not shown to be superior to other training approaches in terms of increasing knowledge or changing attitude. (TURKEY, CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS, SURGICAL TECHNIQUE, CONTRACEPTIVE TRAINING)

98.02.10 - English - Himanshu PANDEY, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Gorakhpur University (India)

Modelling on out-migration system: A probabilistic approach (p. 55-60)

Under the certain assumptions, the present work deals with the development of a probability model describing the variation in the number of rural out-migration system at micro-level. Estimated the parameters involved in the model, the suitability of the probability model is tested through observed demographic data. (RURAL ENVIRONMENT, EMIGRATION, STOCHASTIC MODELS)

98.02.11 - Turkish - Metin GENÇ, Halk Sagligi Uzmani, Malatya AÇS-AP Merkezi (Turkey), Gülsen GÜNES, Mustafa SAHIN, Leyla KARAOGLU and Erkan PEHLIVAN, Inönü Üniversitesi (Turkey)

Family planning knowledge and practices of reproductive age (15-49 years) married women in Yesilyurt (Malatya) (Yesilyurt (Malatya) merkezindeki 15-49 yas grubu evli kadinlarin aile planlamasina iliskin bilgi ve uygulamalari) (p. 61-81)

During September-October 1995, 810 married women ages between 15-49 were interviewed in Yesilyurt disctrict: 97% of them knew at least one modern contraceptive method, and 86.5% knew at least one traditional contraceptive method. It was observed that the increase in the number of both methods known by the women was paralled to their educational levels. Women whose source of knowledge was media, had more knowledge about contraception compare to the women whose source of knowledge was health professional. 43.2% of total sample were using modern methods (pill, IUD, condom, tubal ligation), 22.2% using traditional methods (mainly withdrawal), and 34.6% were not using any methods at the time of the study (planning to have a child, were pregnant, were in menopause period, etc.). The satisfactions degree with the choice of contraceptive method were varied from 85% (withdrawal) to 100% (tubal ligation). 50.6% of the women who were currently using a method, had tried a different method before; they have changed the method because of side effects (pills, IUD) or because they were not trust in their effectiveness (withdrawal, condom). For condom, husbands' rejection was also an important factor. (TURKEY, REGIONS, CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE, KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS)

1997 - VOLUME 19

98.02.12 - English - Janet Molzan TURAN, Aysen BULUT and Hacer NALBANT, Institute of Child Health, Istanbul University, Istanbul (Turkey)

The quality of family planning services in two low-income districts of Istanbul (p. 3-24)

Given concerns about the quality of care (QOC) received by couples who want to control their fertility in Istanbul, this study was developed to examine QOC in family planning services in two low-income districts of the city. The first phase of the study consisted of a semi-structural questionnaire administered to a sample of 378 women of reproductive age. The second phase included site visits, using a structured checklist, to assess the quality of care at the major family planning service sites used by the women in the survey sample. The results indicate that trained women from the community without any medical background (home visitors) can deliver relatively high quality of family planning information and counseling. In contrast, it appears that the quality of information and counseling being delivered by some categories of health professionals in Istanbul is seriously lacking. The multivariate analysis performed suggests that women's characteristics and the type of family planning method they select may also affect the quality of information and counseling that they received. The site visits highlighted the constraints that government providers face in trying to provide quality family planning services in Istanbul. (TURKEY, CAPITAL CITY, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES, PROGRAMME EVALUATION)

98.02.13 - Turk - Emel BASAR and Müslim EKNI, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Istatistik Bölümü (Turkey)

An estimation of survival function based on breastfeeding duration (Anne sütü beslenme sürelerine iliskin yasam sürdürme fonksiyonu tahmini) (p. 25-35)

In this study, some properties of Kaplan-Meier estimator that is a nonparametric estimator has been taken under consideration. Application has based on the data from the Turkish Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 1993. By using Kaplan-Meier estimator, an estimation of survival function based on breastfeeding durations has been achieved. The hypothesis that is formed as "There is no significant differences on survival function based on region" has been tested. (TURKEY, SURVIVORSHIP FUNCTION, ESTIMATES, DURATION OF LACTATION, METHODOLOGY)

98.02.14 - English - Sedef KORAY, Zentrum für Türkeistudien, Essen (Germany)

Dynamics of demography and development in Turkey: Implications to the potential for migration to Europe (p. 37-55)

Turkey still continues to be a net emigration country in the 1990s. Despite a general slowdown of the rapid population growth and decrease in the overall fertility, the country is going through a two-speed demographic transition process, whereby regional disequilibria and inter-regional migrations are taking place with an impact on emigration. Immigration to Turkey and Turkey's bridge function as a transit country are additional factors that are influential on the determination of the emigration potential to Europe. Having initially been exploited as an instrument to relieve unemployment pressures and alleviate balance of payments problems, emigration was made a part of Turkish development plans in the 1960s and 1970s. Following the structural changes and improvements introduced in the economic field in the 1980s, the performance of the Turkish economy in the 1990s is highly unstable with a considerable dependence on the informal sector. Employment continues to be a problem and thereby raising the emigration potential. More significantly, welfare gap and perceived income differences between Turkey and Europe as well as family links already established abroad, social and potilical pressures and perceptions of comparative advantage determine the migration potential largely. Family planning, job training and reversing the dependence on the agricultural sector in terms of employment and evaluation of the future prospects of the Turkish labour market are proposed to ease emigration pressures. (TURKEY, POPULATION DYNAMICS, EMIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS)

98.02.15 - English - Turgay ÜNALAN, Institute of Population Studies, Hacettepe University (Turkey)

Turkey's population at the beginning of the 21st century (p. 57-72)

This paper first presents a brief account of the Turkish demographic structure near the end of the 20th century. Mortality rates underwent substantial improvements and fertility was cut into half during the last decades of the century. In order to investigate the implications of these changes to the future population of Turkey, two alternative projections are made from 1990 to 2025: a medium and a low fertility variant. According to the medium variant which assumes a medium decline in fertility - total fertility rate to decline from 2.8 in 1990 to 2.1 in 2025 - the population of Turkey is expected to reach 66 million at the beginning of the 21st century and then 87 million in 2025. According to the low fertility variant where total fertility rate is expected to reach 1.58 by 2025, total population is estimated to reach 84 million before the year 2025. Finally, both present and future population and socio-economic characteristics of Turkey and European Union member countries are compared. (TURKEY, EUROPE, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES, POPULATION PROJECTIONS, FERTILITY DECLINE)

98.02.16 - English - Ismet KOC, Institute of Population Studies, Hacettepe University (Turkey)

Female-headed households in Turkey and socio-demographic and economic characteristics of female household heads (p. 73-99)

The focus of the study is to examine the socio-demographic and economic differences between female heads and male heads in Turkey in order to illuminate different social, demographic and economic needs of female-headed households. Data used in this study mainly comes from the household questionnaires of 1978 Turkish Fertility Survey (TFS) and 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). Results of the study show that the proportion of households headed by women has increased by approximately 64% over a 45-year life span, from 6.1% in 1950 to 10% in 1993. In relation to circumstances of household heads, the main conclusion which can be drawn from the analysis is that female household heads are more likely to be disadvantaged than male household heads in both 1978 and 1993. Results related with household heads indicate that female household heads have much more difficulties in access to education, employment, social security and income generation compared to male household heads. Although one in every ten household heads in Turkey is female, female household heads count for one in every six of the low income household heads. (TURKEY, POVERTY, WOMEN, HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD)

98.02.17 - English - Insan TUNALI, Department of Economics, Koç University (Turkey)

Migration and remigration as interdependant decisions: A bivariate probit formulation (p. 101-126)

The descriptive migration literature recognizes that entire move sequences may be planned at the time of the initial migration decision, a possibility which is not entertained by the existing statistical models of remigration. This paper formulates a Bivariate Probit Model of the migration/remigration decision which allows for interdependence between the initial and subsequent migration decisions. The joint model is tested on longitudinal internal migration data from Turkey. The empirical study addresses a number of specification issues that applied researchers have to confront. (TURKEY, METHODOLOGY, STOCHASTIC MODELS, FIRST MIGRATION, REPEATED MIGRATION, DECISION MAKING)

98.02.18 - English - Mahjoub A. ELAMIN and K. C. BHUYAN, Department of Statistics, Garyounis University (Libya)

Testing regression equality to study the fertility differentials by child mortality in north-eastern Libya (p. 127-139)

Method to test the equality of p sets of regression coefficients in presence of heterogeneous error variances is suggested. The sets of regression coefficients are obtained to study the impacts of different socio-demographic variables on fertility of couples experiencing differential child mortality in North-Eastern Libya. The test of equality of regression coeficients of any particular variable is also suggested. Results show that the regression coefficients in the fitted linear regression line of fertility of child loss mothers are significantly different than those in fitted linear regression lines of fertility of mothers without child loss. (LIBYA, METHODOLOGY, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY, INFANT MORTALITY)

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