REVUE EUROPEENNE DES MIGRATIONS INTERNATIONALES

France (Poitiers) 30

1997 - VOLUME 13, NUMBER 3

The Catalonians, laboratory of Europe

Coordinators: Louis ASSIER-ANDRIEU, Danielle PROVANSAL, Alain TARRIUS

98.30.1 - French - Danielle PROVANSAL, Equip de Recerca en Antropologia dels Processos Identitaris (ERAPI), Université de Barcelone, c/ Baldiri Reixac s/n, 08028 Barcelone (Spain)

The new 'other' in Catalonia and elsewhere. Political innovations. Anthropological discourse (Le nouvel " autre " en Catalogne et ailleurs. Innovations politiques, discours anthropologique) (p. 11-28)

Based on a review of the most significant work on cultural diversity among the autonomous regions and on immigration in Catalonia and in Spain, this article emphasises the relation between identity and otherness as the result of a cognitive construction process of natives and migrants. In this regard, it underscores the conceptual ideological and consequently methodological interdependence between social sciences and public powers.

The three major stages in this construction process correspond respectively to the emphasis on cultural peculiarities of each autonomous region, to the period of internal migrations and to that of intercontinental migrations. While, in the first stage, the cultural characteristics of each autonomous region are highlighted, in the second stage the internal migrants, regarded conceptually as 'others', are the object of integration policies tending to convert them into a social category included in the 'us'. Finally, in the contemporary period, the migrants from outside the European Union are only thought of from the point of view of their differences, culture being then a symbolic boundary difficult to cross. (SPAIN, PROVINCES, IMMIGRATION, POLITICS, CULTURAL CONTACTS)

98.30.2 - French - Louis ASSIER-ANDRIEU, Institut Catalan de Recherche en Sciences Sociales (ICRESS), CNRS-Université de Perpignan, Maison des Pays Catalans, chemin de la Passio Vella, 66000 Perpignan (France)

Boundaries, culture, nation, Catalonia as a cultural sovereignty (Frontières, culture, nation. La Catalogne comme souveraineté culturelle) (p. 29-46)

This paper questions the very nature of Catalonia given its historical and cultural backgrounds and its reluctance to fit into the modern state model of territorial sovereignty of either France or Spain. The series of anthropological articulations leading from language to cultural identification, from social structure to nation and to nationalism are submitted to a theoretical and historical review of the alternative ways by which specific peoples may be associated to specific areas in Europe. Legally as well as ideologically, the definition of Catalonia is assumed to rely upon a spectrum of boundary figures able to unveil a structural unity of what may be appropriately called, following Louis Dumont, a cultural sovereignty. (SPAIN, PROVINCES, CULTURE, NATION)

98.30.3 - French - Naïk MIRET, Migrinter, UMR 6588, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société, 99 av. Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex (France)

E-mail : naik.miret@mshs.univ-poitiers.fr

The evolution of the migratory panorama in South Catalonia, 1950-1975 (L'évolution du panorama migratoire en Catalogne Sud, 1950-1975) (p. 47-69)

This paper retraces the history and the geography of the substitution in the migratory flows to Catalonia operated during the last 30 years. After the huge movement of internal migration during the first half of the 20th century, the first flow of foreign migrants appeared in the 70s. This substitution of migratory origin is related to a reconfiguration of the immigrants' geographic polarity of settlements and in their economic role. Based on various statistical indicators and bibliographic references, this paper provides some essential elements for the understanding of the migratory complexity of this space. The comparison between internal migration and international migration allow us, in an historical point of view, to analyse the migratory process in the aim of understand the spatial and economic logic of their integration in Catalonia. (SPAIN, PROVINCES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IMMIGRANTS)

98.30.4 - Spanish - Enrique SANTAMARÍA, Departamento de Sociología y Metodología de las Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelone (Spain)

'Non-community immigration', cultural relativism and construction of 'gender' (" Inmigracíon no comunitaria " : relativismo cultural y construcción de género) (p. 71-83)

The 'denunciation' of the situation of Arabic, Muslim and/or African women is of paramount importance in the discourse on post-colonial migrations. Hence, and without wondering at the accuracy of the descriptions of this subsidiary situation, we have chosen to tackle the issue not in the usual way, i.e. from the analysis of those women's situation, but rather through the analysis of actions and discourses on migrants originally from what is called the Third World going through the Catalan society and transforming it.

The purpose of this article is twofold: first, it aims at clearing up, at least approximately and temporarily, the use of the subsidiary situation under consideration in the discourse on 'non-community immigration' - a discourse resorting to cultural relativism. Subsequently, and this constitutes my second purpose, we will be able to explore the symbolic functions played by the forms of this discourse in the construction of ethnic and/or of gender identities in today's Catalonia. (SPAIN, PROVINCES, WOMEN, IMMIGRANTS, WOMEN'S STATUS, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY)

98.30.5 - French - Carmen GARCIA, Groupe de Recherche sur la Socialisation (GRS)-CNRS, Université de Lyon II, 5 av. P. Mendès-France, 69676 Bron Cedex (France)

The national policy and the territory identification of Spanish migrants (La politique nationaliste et l'identification territoriale des immigrants de l'intérieur) (p. 85-98)

The political and juridical situations of South Catalonia, the nationalist upheaval it is undergoing and the national construction its government is proposing are evidence of the existence of two ethnic groups within its population: the 'Catalonians' and the 'immigrants'. The study is devoted to drawing links between the objectivization of Catalonian properties as elements of Catalonian ethnic identity on the one hand, and the construction of Catalonian national identity on the other. To do so, and starting from the concept of 'habitus' we analysed the Catalonian 'habitus' as a 'habitus' in the process of being constructed, after the fashion of Catalonian national identity. We accounted for fact that the Catalonian national identity is being constructed through the appropriation of the nationalist thought and words by those who we are acknowledged as 'immigrants'. The different ways of appropriating the nationalists' thought and words gave rise to a common representation of the Catalonian identity. (SPAIN, PROVINCES, NATIONALISM, IMMIGRATION, CULTURE)

98.30.6 - French - Alain TARRIUS, Institut Catalan de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, 2 rue du Figuier, 66000 Perpignan (France), and Lamia MISSAOUI, CIREJED, Upres A, Maison de la Recherche, Université de Toulouse le Mirail, 31058 Toulouse Cedex (France)

Gipsies from Barcelona to Perpignan: Crises and borders (Gitans de Barcelone à Perpignan : crises et frontières) (p. 99-119)

When, in the 50's and 60's, the Catalan gypsies on both sides of the border lost the economic complementarity bounding them to local societies thanks to horse dealing and leather work activities, they reduced the community ties created on seminomadism routes to those of strictly clanic networks. These trans-border clanic ties made it possible to develop heroin underground economics from Barcelona from the moment that, pushed by growing misery and local political dependence, they became organized as a mafia. This drug trafficking is grafted onto larger underground ethnic economies controlled by Senegalese, Moroccan and Andalusian gypsies. As for the Catalan gypsies, they keep the heroin they pass for self-consumption; therefore, HIV contamination takes alarming proportions (up to 8% among men of 25 to 45) and gives way to conservative attempts at a return to old values particularly aiming at women's submission. In actual fact, the 'crisis effect' hides a slow but sharp rise in the autonomisation of gypsy women and suggests solutions likely to disrupt the constituent norms of the gypsy community bond. (SPAIN, PROVINCES, ETHNIC MINORITIES, FRONTIER MIGRATION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS)

98.30.7 - Spanish - Valeria BERGALLI, Equip de Recerca en Antropologia dels Processos Identitaris (ERAPI), University of Barcelona, c/ Baldiri Reixac s/n, 08028 Barcelona (Spain)

Urban context and otherness in Barcelona. New challenges for the old city (Contexto urbano y alteridad en Barcelona. Nuevos desafíos para la Ciudad Vieja) (p. 121-133)

The role that Barcelona assumes in the global system implies that a process of transformation in the representations of the city is taking place. In this context, the historical heart of the city, what is called the Old City, has been testing out an urban renewal in the past few years on which the change in the area's image is based. This reform provides a new context in which to place the analysis of the social definitions that the various native protagonists build up in regard to the migrants' presence. The social devalorization of this presence may be counteracted through the identification of the positive effects of the immigrants' economical, social and cultural initiatives. (SPAIN, PROVINCES, CAPITAL CITY, IMMIGRATION, URBAN SOCIOLOGY)

98.30.8 - French - Joan BECAT, Institut Catalan de Recherche en Sciences Sociales (ICRESS), CNRS-Université de Perpignan, Maison des Pays Catalans, chemin de la Passio Vella, 66000 Perpignan (France)

Will the Portuguese be the best Andorrans? Reflexion about society evolution and Andorran's identity (Les Portugais seront-ils les meilleurs Andorrans ? Réflexions sur l'évolution de la société et de l'identité andorranes) (p. 135-156)

From Andorran culture, this principality become a cosmopolitan society. From a strict dependence vis-a-vis its neighbour's states, it has transformed into a constitutional state, member of the UN since 1993. Its economy has grown extraordinarily in less than half a century. Agriculture and breeding, quasi-exclusive before 1950, now give unemployment to 1% of the labour force while population has increased more than tenfold. The society' structures, its values and its own identity, have been overturned with worrying imbalances and important social deficits, the more flagrant are national education, communication and individual's rights. Although this number has doubled in 40 years, the Andorrans are a minority, one inhabitant for five. The basic debate is the identity one: do they need a politic of 'linguistic normalisation'? What are the foreigners communities attitude? In this context, the problem of migrant's children is vital for the future of the state because, as future majority citizens, their attitude will shape their integration in Andorra. Most of them are Spanish children, a few are French, but the increase of Portuguese citizens change the composition of this group and their perspective of integration. Beside Andorra citizens, will the Portuguese children be the best Andorrans? (ANDORRA, PORTUGAL, IMMIGRATION, TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY, SECOND GENERATION MIGRANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION)

98.30.9 - French - Roland VIADER, UMR 5591, FRA.M.ESPA., Maison de la Recherche, 5 allée A. Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 1 (France)

Multiplied boundaries, the origins of the Andorran's question (La frontière démultipliée ou les origines de la question d'Andorre) (p. 157-182)

According to an erudite quarrel of the 1890s, the boundaries of Andorra originate in an obscure treaty from the 13th century. Analysis of these remote arguments reveals the identification's charge who made of each frontiers a legitimisation of sovereignty. However, during centuries, the manipulation of the articulation of these three terms (borderline, sovereignty, identity) made the debate so virulent. Playing with the belonging, Andorrans increase oppositions and lead to the confusion of registers (political, economic, cultural, etc.). Hidden behind these illusions, their society was however built upon a hybrid model of (sometimes tiny) geographical boundaries, which are able, today, to survive under the cover of private law. (ANDORRA, HISTORY, BOUNDARIES, LEGAL STATUS)

98.30.10 - French - Catherine GAUTHIER, Université Toulouse-le-Mirail, 4 rue des Tables Claudiennes, 69001 Lyon (France)

Moroccan migratory mobilities: Sociabilities and merchant exchanges (Mobilités migratoires marocaines : sociabilités et échanges marchands) (p. 183-210)

Mobility of Moroccan migrants who use Spanish roads to travel back and forth from Morocco to the various European regions of settlement points out spatial continuities and social proximities on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar.

By travelling across the country and mainly by making stops, migrants apply the map of their own stakes and strategies to the local geography. This map can be visualized when observing the trade exchanges between migrants in transit and residents that occur in the meantime. Among those residents, there are natives, Spanish ones above and Moroccan ones below, but also Moroccans who never went any further into their migration and other migrants who are new inhabitants of a changing Spain. The temporality of this movement as well as that of the residents can meet or differ. This explains the so many different ways that lead to an encounter or not.

Important places of exchanges do not always coincide with large urban sites nor with a substantial concentration of fellow countrymen. In some places, which at first look insignificant but which are actually full of emotional, symbolical or cultural meaning, one single person can give birth to a convergence of migratory routes. Analysing the historical depth of those regions and of the urban shapes on which mobility is based, as well as their different strata, thus enables to understand their sociological impact. (SPAIN, MOROCCO, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, SOCIOLOGY, TRADE)

98.30.11 - French - William GENIEYS, Centre Comparatif d'Etudes sur les Politiques Publiques et les Espaces Locaux (CEPEL), Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Droit, 39 rue de l'Université, 34060 Montpellier (France)

Intermediary elites, institutional borders: Catalonia and Languedoc-Roussillon (Élites intermédiaires, frontières institutionnelles en Europe du Sud : Catalogne et Languedoc-Roussillon) (p. 211-227)

Comparative political sociology has too often favoured macro-level analyses. In that respect, state borderlines are often regarded as an impassable line for the analysis of the construction of representative political elites. However, this general context is changing, through the transformation of political regimes as well as the construction of a European political arena. The institutionalisation of representative elites at intermediary level, in Catalonia and in Languedoc-Roussillon give sociology interesting field work, regarding the possible measure of the effect of borders on the political staff. In this perspective, comparative analysis of the sociodemographic profiles of Catalan deputies and regional councillors in Languedoc-Roussillon is quite relevant. Indeed, if many similarities can be found in the 'objective criteria' regarding the access to political mandates (age, territorial belonging, educational level, socioeconomic position), if many similarities can be found in the 'objective criteria' regarding the access to political mandates. (SPAIN, FRANCE, PROVINCES, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, SOCIOLOGY, ELITE, BOUNDARIES)

98.30.12 - French - Paul MIGNON, Université de Perpignan, Département de Sociologie, Route de Villeneuve, 66000 Perpignan (France)

Summer movements of youths from suburbs and new social tension (Resorts along the French Catalonia coast) (Mobilités estivales des jeunes banlieusards et nouvelles tensions sociales (stations du littoral catalan français)) (p. 229-245)

Each summer, since the early 80s, seaside resorts of the French area of the Oriental Pyrenees receive groups of youths from the suburbs of the main French metropolises. For the vast majority of them these young people are of North-African origin. So far, they have mainly chosen destinations bound to the Mediterranean, as far as possible from the suburbs, as close as possible of the 'bled', but of the sea and of the sun too i.e. of what the suburbs' popular imaginary representation refers to as synonymous with holidays.

These groups' presence draws much attention and is deeply resented by traditional holidaymakers as well as by all those taking part in the organization of the tourist season, or by other young people also, locals or holidaymakers from other French regions or from Northern Europe. Furthermore, this presence radically alters the image and the general atmosphere of the resorts and, therefore, the image that traditional holidaymakers conceive of their holidays. It also creates tensions on the accommodation market (camp sites and rented property).

In the face of this situation, segregation is organized and institutionalized with, from one year to another, filtration processes being set up.Youths from the suburbs are now aware of the fact that they are blamed for the 'offence of being present' and judged and condemned for it. If this situation does not entail a diminution in their frequenting the resorts, on the other hand it fuels their bitterness. (FRANCE, REGIONS, TOURISM, YOUTH, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIOLOGY)

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