JOURNAL OF POPULATION

Indonesia (Jakarta) 95

JUNE 1997 - VOLUME 3, NUMBER 1

98.95.1 - English - Josefina V. CABIGON

The effects of birthspacing and breastfeeding on childhood mortality in the Philippines (p. 1-18)

This article demonstrates the marked low mortality risks associated with wide birthspacing and breastfeeding independent of the levels of bio-demographic, socioeconomic and health-related factors. Effects of preceding and succeeding birth intervals are strongest at ages 3-11 months. Those of the former are less strong but nevertheless appreciable at the other childhood ages. Benefits from breastfeeding are greatest at ages 0-2 months and gradually diminished with age. Breastfeeding is not the main mechanism through which birthspacing affected Philippine child mortality. These findings are interpreted according to their relevance for mortality research, theory and policy. (PHILIPPINES, INFANT MORTALITY, BIRTH SPACING, BREAST FEEDING, MORTALITY DETERMINANTS)

98.95.2 - English - Kasmiyati Leli ASIH, Emiliana TJITRA and Hadriah OESMAN

Factors influencing infant mortality in Indonesia in 1991 (p. 19-36)

Indonesia's infant mortality rate declined to 64 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 1991. Adolescent mothers, women who first married under the age of 18, and mothers who did not obtain antenatal care and tetanus immunizations were at greater risk of experiencing an infant death. In addition, levels of infant mortality were substantially higher when births were spaced closer together. Roughly half of all infant deaths occur within the first 28 days of life in Indonesia. Findings indicate that mothers who were less than 20 years of age, who did not have antenatal care and tetanus immunizations, and who spaced births less than 24 months apart were more likely to experience a neonatal death. With the exception of antenatal care, these factors were also associated with elevated levels of postneonatal mortality (infant deaths that occur when infants are between 1-12 months of age). However, postneonatal mortality was also higher among mothers who gave birth at home rather than in a health facility, who were assisted at delivery by non-medical staff, and who had lower levels of educational attainment. Postneonatal mortality is determined by a broader array of program and socioeconomic measures than neonatal mortality, and may be reduced more readily through Family Planning/Mother and Child Health (FP/MCH) service interventions. In order to reduce both neonatal and postneonatal mortality, greater effort should be made to increase the age at first birth, space births more than two years, and attain higher tetanus coverage levels among expectant mothers. (INDONESIA, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, MORTALITY DETERMINANTS, NEONATAL MORTALITY, POST-NEONATAL MORTALITY)

98.95.3 - English - Robert Charles RICE

The Indonesian urban informal sector: Characteristics and growth from 1980 to 1990 (p. 37-66)

This paper defines the informal sector (IS) as being self-employed persons assisted by family and other non-wage earners. It discusses some theoretical aspects of the urban informal sector and presents some pertinent findings in Indonesia such as why persons enter the informal sector, relationships of the informal sector to itself and the formal sector (FS), factors affecting the competitiveness and potential of the informal sub-sectors, and the interpretation of a change in the size of the informal sector relative to the formal sector. An analysis of Central Bureau of Statistics data shows that the rate of growth of the informal sector from 1985 to 1990 was much lower than the formal sector and much lower than the informal sector from 1980 to 1985, with the construction and transportation sectors being exceptions and the female informal sector growth rate being 39 % that of males. (INDONESIA, INFORMAL SECTOR, URBAN ENVIRONMENT)

98.95.4 - English - Andrew Peter FLOOD

Nutrition and the epidemiologic transition in Indonesia (p. 67-96)

The process of economic development and industrialization has historically involved fundamental changes in the social and economic organization of populations. These changes are taking place today in Indonesia, and the effects are dramatic-infectious disease rates are declining, population size is increasing, and the population is growing older. Additionally, the many lifestyle changes we associate with development will also mean the rates of chronic disease will likely increase. Changing consumption patterns are the primary culprits for this transition. Increased tobacco use will cause significant increases in heart disease rates, lung cancer and many other cancers. The dietary transition towards a high fat, low fiber, high animal-food based diet that typically accompanies development will also make a significant contribution to the increased of chronic disease. The costs of the epidemiologic transition are many. The epidemiologic transition will mean a great loss of life, and many of the deaths will be premature (i.e. during the otherwise productive years of life). The direct cost of treatment for the sick will be very large. Additionally, it is not clear that the agriculture sector's response to increased demand for livestock based foods will be an environmentally or economically sustainable proposition for Indonesia. (INDONESIA, EPIDEMIOLOGY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FEEDING)

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