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91 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
January 1998, Vol. 19, N° 3
Of population and false hopes: Malthus and his legacy.
English - pp. 205-219.
D. Price, Center for the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5601, U.S.A.
The association between environmental risk and internal migration flows.
Over the past several decades, the environmental awareness and concern of the American public has greatly increased. This concern is reflected, for example, in public opinion polls, participation in curbside recycling programs and community mobilization against the siting of environmentally-hazardous facilities. This study examines the possibility that such concern is also reflected by internal migration patterns. More specifically, this research considers the relationship between county-level environmental characteristics and in- and outmigration streams. The results suggest that counties with environmental hazards such as air and water pollution, hazardous waste and Superfund sites do not lose residents at greater rates than areas without such hazards. However, areas with such risks gain relatively fewer new residents.
English - pp. 247-277.
L. M. Hunter, Population Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0730, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS)
99.91.23 - RILEY, Thomas; MURRAY, David.
Making sense of the census: Why sampling might not be so simple.
English - pp. 279-283.
T. Riley et D. Murray, STATS, 2100 L Street, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, D.C. 20037-1525, U.S.A.
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91 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
March 1998, Vol. 19, N° 4
Jewish involvement in shaping American immigration policy, 1881-1965: A historical review.
This paper discusses Jewish involvement in shaping United States immigration policy. In addition to a periodic interest in fostering the immigration of co-religionists as a result of anti-Semitic movements, Jews have an interest in opposing the establishment of ethnically and culturally homogeneous societies in which they reside as minorities. Jews have been at the forefront in supporting movements aimed at altering the ethnic status quo in the United States in favor of immigration of non-European peoples. These activities have involved leadership in Congress, organizing and funding anti-restrictionist groups composed of Jews and gentiles, and originating intellectual movements opposed to evolutionary and biological perspectives in the social sciences.
English - pp. 295-356.
K. McDonald, Department of Psychology, California State University-Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840-0901, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, JEWS, HISTORY, IMMIGRATION POLICY, GOVERNMENT POLICY, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS)
The demand for immigration to the United States.
This paper examines trends and cross-national variation in the active demand for immigration to the United States in the period of 1984-1993, using data from the Visa Office and various other sources. The analysis is restricted to legal immigration in numerically limited categories. The results show that the total number of active immigrant visa applicants steadily increased in the aggregate and in each of the preference categories. Moreover, the active demand for immigration was highly skewed, with the majority of applications coming from a dozen countries: Mexico, the Philippines, India, mainland China, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Jamaica, Hong Kong, and Pakistan. Most of these highly-backlogged countries displayed a significant increase in the growth rate of demand for immigration. The paper also shows a substantial cross-national variation in the active demand for immigration and explores its structural determinants. The regression results indicate that the level of economic development in sending countries and U.S. economic and cultural relations with sending countries play important roles in the determination process. Policy implications of the findings are also discussed.
English - pp. 357-383.
P. Q. Yang, Department of Ethnic Studies, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, IMMIGRATION, DEMAND, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS)
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91 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
September 1998, Vol. 20, N° 1
99.91.26 - HAMILTON, Lawrence C.; OTTERSTAD, Oddmund.
Sex ratio and community size: Notes from the Northern Atlantic.
In parts of the circumpolar North, smaller communities tend to have fewer young women than men. Among newcomer populations such as non-Natives in Alaska, this reflects disproportionate in-migration by young men seeking jobs on the frontier. Imbalances can also emerge, however, due to female outmigration from small villages -- a pattern observed, for example, among the native populations of Alaska, Canada and Greenland. Several authors have linked female outmigration with socioeconomic change also in rural Finland, Norway and Ireland. This paper briefly examines plots of sex ratio versus community size in four northern Atlantic regions (Maine, Newfoundland, Iceland and Norway). We then look more closely at Norway, where the correlation between sex ratio and community size is strongest. Multiple regression suggests that economic factors, rather than community size as such, best explain this pattern. Specifically, the percent female among young adults tends to be lower in communities experiencing longterm population declines, dominated by fishing and other primary-industry employment, and having in consequence relatively few jobs for women. Further socioeconomic changes in many resource-dependent Atlantic communities seem inevitable as resources become depleted, and they also face the possibility of large-scale environmental change. When such changes occur, female outmigration could be an important component of the social response and individual-level adaption.
English - pp. 11-22.
L. C. Hamilton, Department of Sociology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 02824, U.S.A.
(NORWAY, SEX RATIO, POPULATION SIZE, OUT-MIGRATION)
Immigration policy and the environment: The Washington D.C. metropolitan area.
The following report will clarify the relationship between immigration and the environment through an analysis of both demographic and environmental data. This analysis will involve, first, an examination of the theoretical background of the population-environment debate and the conceptual models that help to illustrate this relationship. Second, general concepts of natural resource allocation will be discussed with an example from the fisheries management literature. Third, the population growth in the Washington, D.C. area will be examined, followed by the impacts of this growth on some aspects of the local and regional environment.
English - pp. 23-54.
S. Garling, Federation for American Immigration, 1666 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20009, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, CAPITAL CITY, HUMAN ECOLOGY, IMMIGRATION, ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES)
99.91.28 - MURRAY, Margaret S.
Housing conditions of nuclear and extended households in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area.
Arrivals of new immigrants into the south Florida area have put increased pressure on housing markets and fostered renewed efforts to provide more affordable housing. Many view household extension largely as a response to the lack of a sufficient amount of affordable housing. This paper examines the nature, proportion and housing condition of nuclear and extended households in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area. The study also investigates how the incidence and housing situation of extended households has changed during the period from 1986 to 1990. This study illustrates that extended families in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area are not uniformly worse off than nuclear families, given ethnicity and income level. While the area's housing problems require attention, some of that attention should be focused on removing institutional barriers to household extension and to providing broader housing choices for minority ethnic groups.
English - pp. 55-76.
M. S. Murray, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University Tower, 220 S. E. 2nd Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33301, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, REGIONS, IMMIGRATION, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, HOUSING CONDITIONS, ETHNIC MINORITIES)
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91 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT
November 1998, Vol. 20, N° 2
The zen of sustainable use of the planet: Steps on the path to enlightenment.
At its best, the quest for sustainable use of the planet aspires to a harmonious relationship between human society and natural systems. At its worst, sustainable use is an assertion that human ingenuity and technology can free humankind from biophysical constraints and its dependence upon ecological life support systems. Although science guided by reason is essential to reaching informed decisions on sustainability, it must be accompanied by a new ethos, or set of guiding beliefs. Science can never reduce uncertainty on the complex multivariate systems called ecosystems to the degree that explicit legislation would be possible to protect the components on a species by species, habitat by habitat, ecosystem by ecosystem, and landscape by landscape basis without going to ridiculous extremes. This circumstance does not, however, invalidate attempting to define conditions appropriate to achieving sustainability. Some consensus must be reached on the broad, general conditions governing human society's relationship to the environment. A shared ethos would promote sustainable use and reduce the possibility of harsh penalties exacted upon species that do not respond adequately to alteration in their environment.
English - pp. 109-124.
J. Cairns Jr., Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A.
(HUMAN ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEMS, ETHICS)
99.91.30 - PIMENTEL, David; GIAMPIETRO, Mario; BUKKENS, Sandra G. F.
An optimum population for North and Latin America.
The population of North America, which now stands at nearly 300 million people, is projected to double in about 60 years, while the population of nearly 500 million people in South America is projected to double in less than 40 years. Both of these populations obtain more than 99% of their food from the land, and this percentage will increase as these populations grow. Maintaining fertile and ample land is critical if these large populations are to be fed. Soil degradation by soil erosion is a serious problem on both continents. In addition, agricultural land is being lost to urbanization and highways because of rapid population growth. Nearly a half hectare of land is needed for urbanization for each person added to the North American population; this is already causing serious problems with agriculture in some states in the United States. The land resources that are critical for food production will be especially so if the populations of both continents double to nearly 2 billion. Land resources will also be critical when both continents deplete their fossil fuels in less than 100 years and have to turn to renewable energy sources. With about 2 billion people, there will be serious shortages of food, water, and energy resources and the standard of living will significantly decline. Our assessment suggests that for a relatively high standard of living in North and South America each continent should have no more than about 200 million people, or a total of 400 million.
English - pp. 125-148.
D. Pimentel, 5126 Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0901, U.S.A.
(LATIN AMERICA, AMERIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE, OPTIMUM POPULATION, POPULATION DYNAMICS, CULTIVATED LAND, ENERGY RESOURCES)
99.91.31 - ROSERO-BIXBY, Luis; PALLONI, Alberto.
Population and deforestation in Costa Rica.
This paper addresses a central debate in research and policy on population and environment, namely the extent to which rapid population growth is associated with the massive deforestation currently underway in the tropics. We utilize the experience of Costa Rica during the last forty years to illustrate what the main issues are, discuss the history of deforestation in that country, and present results from conventional regression methods and from the application of spatial analyses. These analyses enable us to estimate the magnitude of the relation between population and deforestation and to identify the factors that are responsible for the linkage between them.
English - pp. 149-185.
L. Rosero-Bixby, University of Costa Rica, Apartado 833-2050, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
(COSTA RICA, POPULATION GROWTH, DEFORESTATION, HUMAN ECOLOGY)
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