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40 ESTUDIOS MIGRATORIOS LATINOAMERICANOS, December 1997, Vol. 12, N° 37
Social actors and immigration policy in Argentina. The arrival of Spanish Republicans [Actores sociales y política inmigratoria en la Argentina. La llegada de los republicanos españoles].
Within the context of a restrictive immigration policy, there was only a piecemeal entry of Spanish Republicans into Argentina at the end of the 1936-1939 Civil War. The article narrates the exceptional experience of sixty intellectuals arrived in Buenos Aires on the steamboat "Massilia", the largest group of Republicans who entered Argentina before 1940. The newspaper "Critica" and its Director, Natalio Botana, were key actors in this story. The use of oral testimonies as well as other sources allow us to verify and explain this case, to see how the immigration barrier was ignored, and to discover the distance between the harsh immigration policy and its implementation, discovering a complex, plural and helping civil society.
Spanish - pp. 423-445.
D. Schwarzstein, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
(ARGENTINA, SPAIN, IMMIGRATION, WAR, IMMIGRATION POLICY, REFUGEES.)
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Marchigiani in Buenos Aires: Work and societary life [Marchigianos en Buenos Aires: trabajo y vida asociativa].
Studies on Italian immigration in Argentina have shown that approaches at the provincial level add to our understanding of migration patterns and processes. The case study of urban immigrants from a region in central Italy shows similarities and differences with Italian immigration in Buenos Aires in general. Residential patterns and occupations are analysed through a combination of mutual association membership registers and shipping lists; the linkage of available sources showed, at least for these immigrants, a considerable gap between arrival and entry in a mutual aid society, a fact which reduces the importance of the voluntary associations in assisting recent immigrants to obtain a job.
Spanish - pp. 447-466.
A. Bernasconi, Centro de Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos (CEMLA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
(ARGENTINA, ITALY, PROVINCES, IMMIGRANTS, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, EMPLOYMENT.)
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00.40.3 - MARTELLINI, Amoreno.
"To make a million": Elite emigration and the myth of the promised land ["Fare il milione": La emigración de élite y el mito de la tierra prometida].
Elite emigration has been generally neglected in migration studies. Through the analysis of the migratory experience of a group of Italian aristocrats, our attention is drawn to three main aspects. In the first place, that there was certainly elite emigration pursuing material and professional improvement, rather than ideals; secondly, personal and institutional networks, masonry in particular, played a major role in their migration mechanisms and in their possibilities of making business with local governments. Finally, that these noblemen, who were by no means illiterate or ignorant, were nonetheless attracted by the myth of the promised land.
Spanish - pp. 467-489.
A. Martellini, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Italy.
(ITALY, EMIGRATION, ELITE.)
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00.40.4 - ALMANDOZ, María Gabriela.
Immigrants from across the border in Tandil: Chileans and Bolivians in the nineties [Inmigración limítrofe en Tandil: chilenos y bolivianos en los años noventa].
Until the aftermath of World War II, immigration from Europe outnumbered significantly in Argentina that from countries across the border, which because of this and other facts remained almost unnoticed. This article deals with settlement of immigrants from Chile and Bolivia in a town in the province of Buenos Aires, far away from the borders and from the Metropolitan area. Although underrepresented when compared with the overall percentage of immigrants from those two countries in Argentina, the interest of this case lies in the possibility of understanding settlement of new immigrants in dynamic areas of the country. Chilean immigrants live in Tandil in greater number than Bolivian immigrants, but are also older. Though a certain mobility is not unknown, they usually hold low skilled jobs and are only by exception granted social security and medical insurance.
Spanish - pp. 491-521.
M. G. Almandoz, Centro de Investigaciones Geográficas, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
(ARGENTINA, REGIONS, CHILE, BOLIVIA, IMMIGRANTS, FRONTIER MIGRATION.)
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New trends of frontier migration in Paraguay [Nuevas tendencias de la migración limítrofe en la frontera paraguaya].
Spanish - pp. 523-530.
R. Benencia, Cátedra de Extensión y Sociología Rurales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CEIL-CONICET, Argentina.
(PARAGUAY, FRONTIER MIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS.)
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40 ESTUDIOS MIGRATORIOS LATINOAMERICANOS, April 1998, Vol. 13, N° 38
00.40.6 - TABANERA GARCÍA, Nuria.
Celebrations and historiography: Studies on Spanish emigration to Latin America on the occasion of the Fifth Centennial [Conmemoración e historiografía: los estudios sobre emigración española a América Latina en el Quinto Centenario].
The production of Spanish migration history on the occasion of the Fifth Centennial is placed in the context of the overall development of Spanish historiography since 1936. Politically controled during most of the Franquist era, studies in American history in Spain would remain isolated and backward. The development of regional autonomies would provide a new, unprecendented source of funding for American studies. However, American history in Spain remained dependent on historical celebrations to a much higher degree than in other countries. In the 1980s, emigration history was still neglected and, when taken up, it showed contempt for the emigrants causing Spain population loss, and little interest in pursuing the aspects related to the countries of destination. Being a late-comer would however benefit Spanish migration history from the experience of earlier developments in other countries as, e.g., Italy. Three editorial projects born under the Fifth Centennial show the achievements and limitations of Spanish Migration History.
Spanish - pp. 3-15.
N. Tabanera García, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
(SPAIN, AMERICA, EMIGRATION, HISTORY, RESEARCH.)
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00.40.7 - YÁÑEZ GALLARDO, César.
Economy of Catalonian overseas migrations before 1870 [Economía de las migraciones catalanas ultramarinas anteriores a 1870].
Catalonian industrialization was based on cotton textiles and dependent on imports of raw cotton from American plantations (the United States in the first place, but also Brazil). The export of agricultural products (wine and fruits) combined with a Catalonian-owned and operated merchant fleet, favored the development of a true Catalonian overseas trade encompassing most American ports. Those commercial activities required trustworthy partners in America, so commercial networks expanded along family lines (either by blood or marriage). The article draws a profile of the typical Catalonian emigrants, young, male, unmarried, usually with some degree of professional qualification, their position overseas depending partially on their parents' standing at home. The decision was made within the family, and not individually by the would-be emigrants. Thus familiar resources -- cultural, social and monetary in nature -- were channeled to favour the young migrant's settling and progress in America, and he was expected, in turn, to send part of the profit home.
Spanish - pp. 17-28.
C. Yáñez Gallardo, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain.
(SPAIN, PROVINCES, AMERICA, ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHY, EMIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOW, HISTORY, INDUSTRIALIZATION.)
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00.40.8 - BAGANHA, Maria Ioannis.
Portuguese emigration and international migration trends (1855-1974). A historical synthesis [A emigração portuguesa e as correntes migratórias internacionais (1855-1974). Síntese histórica].
The article reviews Portuguese emigration in the 19th and 20th centuries within world context. Portugal becomes a mass migration country from the third quarter of the 19th century onwards; two different cycles being clearly distinguishable: overseas migrations until 1930 and European migrations afterwards. Portugal comes into the picture of European migrations in the sixties, after signing agreements with France, the Netherlands and Germany. The evolution of the Portuguese legal frames for migration is analyzed, the criteria that dictated them and their relation to clandestine migration. Finally the emigration flows as per period, origin and destination are considered, as well as social and economic patterns of migrants.
Portugese - pp. 29-55.
M. I. Baganha, Universidad de Coimbra, Portugal.
(PORTUGAL, HISTORY, EMIGRATION, EMIGRANTS, MIGRATION TRENDS, EMIGRATION POLICY.)
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"Hacer la América": Italians making money in New York City and in Buenos Aires, 1880-1914 [" Hacer la América ": Los italianos ganan dinero en Buenos Aires y New York, 1880-1914].
Italians emigrated to North and South America with the primary object of making money, but with different strategies, which were sometimes identified in the process of adjustment to local circumstances at destination. The collective economic decisions and actions of the individual Italians in Buenos Aires and New York produced distinctive patterns regarding the development and pursuit of short- or long-term economic strategies. Census data as well as information on remittances from New York and Buenos Aires to Italy suggest that Italians in Buenos Aires pursued mainly long-term strategies and therefore invested locally in homes, education and immigrant institutions, while in New York they expected to return soon home with as much savings as possible.
Spanish - pp. 57-67.
S. L. Baily, Rutgers University, U.S.A.
(ITALY, ARGENTINA, UNITED STATES, METROPOLIS, EMIGRANTS, MIGRATION FLOW, INCOME, RESOURCE ALLOCATION.)
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00.40.10 - DEVOTO, Fernando J.
Migrations from Le Marche to Argentina, the question of scale and the possibilities of building a regional typology (1882-1927) [Las migraciones de Las Marcas a la Argentina, la cuestión de la escala y las posibilidades de una tipología regional (1882-1927)].
After reviewing the main historiographical trends in approaches to the history of migrations and the geographical units of analysis of different approaches, the possibilities of regional approaches are considered. The particular case of Le Marche is scrutinized in relation to the overall Italian emigration and to the two great patterns of Italian mass migration: from Northern and Southern Italy. A general similarity with national means might seem a token for a moderate trend in the region's migration movements. When we look at migrations at the provincial levels in turn, clearly different patterns emerge and the marchigiano model desintegrates. Emigration from Pesaro and Urbino tends to assimilate to the Emilia-Romagna pattern, while that of Ascoli Piceno resembles that of the nearby Abruzzese provinces of Teramo and Chieti. In between, the provinces of Ancona and Macerata show distinctive traits of their own, suggesting a possible marchigiano stereotype.
Spanish - pp. 69-107.
F. J. Devoto, Universidades de Buenos Aires y Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
(ITALY, ARGENTINA, PROVINCES, EMIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS, MODELS, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY.)
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00.40.11 - FRID de SILBERSTEIN, Carina.
Early furrows, late pioneers: Italian labourers and cereal agriculture in Southern Santa Fe, Argentina (1900-1930). [Surcos tempranos, pioneros tardíos: agricultores italianos y producción cerealera en el sur de la provincia de Santa Fe (1900-1930)].
The relationship between agricultural expansion, rural tenancy market and Italian regional immigration has been poorly examined to-date. Emigration from Le Marche to rural Argentina started at the turn of the nineteenth century and in the first decade of the 20th., while the agricultural frontier expanded towards Southern Santa Fe and Córdoba. This study examines the many strategies employed by Marchegiani immigrants to get their share of the rural market (credit, information, patterns of mobility).
Spanish - pp. 109-136.
C. Frid de Silberstein, Escuela de Economía, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística, Universidad Nacional de Rosario/CONICET, Argentina.
(ARGENTINA, ITALY, PROVINCES, HISTORY, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION.)
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00.40.12 - ROSENTAL, Paul-André.
Spatial forms of mobility: Fragments for the long story of a non-reception [Formas espaciales de la movilidad: fragmentos para la larga historia de una no-recepción].
From the 19th century onwards many attempts have been made to propose a cartographic reading of migrations. Although conceived in often too different frames, they nonetheless offer their own scientific sensitiveness, showing the limitations of traditional statistic and economic approaches. Their aptitude in providing alternative tools for analysis and to shed light on dark zones of current knowledge has never sufficed to ensure their success. Far from unavoidable, this failure is mainly due to political assumptions in connection with definition of residence, which have both banalized the category and reduced the relevance of deeper discussions on mobility.
Spanish - pp. 137-165.
P.-A. Rosental, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, Paris, France.
(METHODOLOGY, MIGRATION, MAPPING, RESIDENCE.)
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40 ESTUDIOS MIGRATORIOS LATINOAMERICANOS, August 1998, Vol. 13, N° 39
"...Y a sus plantas rendido un león": Anti-Spanish xenophoby in Argentina, 1890-1900 [" ...Y a sus plantas rendido un león " : xenofobia antiespañola en Argentina, 1890-1900].
This article argues that the emphasis on "argentinising" migrants on the second half of the 1880s aggravated the chronic tensions between Spaniards and Argentinians. The escalation of these tensions started around 1890 and peaked during the Cuban war, with Argentinian public opinion favourable to the insurgents. This xenophobia, however, fades from 1898 on, when the determined attitude of the Spaniards found support in an influential sector of the Argentinian elite that opposed US intervention in Cuba. On the eve of the twentieth century, the Spaniards stopped being, for the first time since Independence, the most vilified of migrant groups.
Spanish - pp. 195-221.
I. García, University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, Australia.
(ARGENTINA, SPAIN, HISTORY, IMMIGRANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, PUBLIC OPINION, PREJUDICE.)
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00.40.14 - HERNÁNDEZ BORGE, Julio.
The woman in the Spanish migratory legislation [La mujer en la legislación emigratoria española].
The aim of the present paper is to analyse the treatment of women in the Spanish migratory legislation, because it had an influence on the feminine presence in the contemporary migration streams. The laws reflect the sexist structure of the society and the traditional feminine subordination to men. In this paper the Spanish legislation from the middle of last century to the present time is reviewed.
Spanish - pp. 223-238.
J. Hernández Borge, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
(SPAIN, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, WOMEN'S STATUS, LEGISLATION, HISTORY.)
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00.40.15 - SARRIBLE, Graciela.
On EC- and non-EC migrations: Against exclusion as a generic qualification [Sobre las migraciones comunitarias y extracomunitarias: contra la exclusión como calificativo genérico].
Description of migrant groups in European Parliament documents is of a negative nature: it refers to marginality. However, definition of an "international emigrant" depends on who is considered as such. If in Spain all foreigners are included therein, even EC-members, the image of exclusion cannot be applied to describe or qualify the entire group. This article provides evidence to prove that such images cannot be applied indiscriminatingly to the community of foreign residents, and that Spanish reality is different from that of other receiving countries and has been so for decades.
Spanish - pp. 239-256.
G. Sarrible, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain.
(SPAIN, EUROPE, IMMIGRANTS, FOREIGNERS, PLACE OF ORIGIN, MARGINALITY.)
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00.40.16 - BRAGA MARTES, Ana Cristina.
Brazilian in Massachusetts [Brasileños en Massachusetts].
Brazilian emigration to countries in North America, Europe, Latin America and Asia, a movement unseen so far, started in the 1980s. This movement was first registered by the media, but received little attention from researchers. This article aims at providing a deeper knowledge on Brazilian emigration regarding the following aspects: who are the Brazilian emigrants? Why are they leaving their country? To answer these questions, data collected on field work in Massachusetts, where the second greatest concentration of Brazilian immigrants exists, are analyzed.
Spanish - pp. 257-288.
A. C. Braga Martes, Universidade de Campinas, Brazil.
(BRAZIL, UNITED STATES, STATE, EMIGRATION, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS.)
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00.40.17 - BUGIARDINI, Sergio.
Notables and politicians in the Italian community of New York between the 1800s and the 1900s [Notables y políticos en la comunidad italiana de New York entre el Ochocientos y el Novecientos].
The article analyzes the changes occurred in the leadership of the Italian community of New York between the 1830s and the beginning of this century. The social and economic character of the first elite of expatriates is analyzed, as well as their connections to the Republican Party, as a result of the Irish inscription to their political opponents. By the end of the 19th century, the increasing Italian immigration to the United States and the perception of their stable settlement arouse greater consideration from the Democratic Party, thus enabling several Italian American leaders -- mostly padroni -- to enter the political arena.
Spanish - pp. 289-330.
S. Bugiardini, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Italy.
(UNITED STATES, METROPOLIS, ITALY, IMMIGRANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION, POLITICAL PARTY.)
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Social networks and labor market in emigration: The case of Italian and other workers in Paterson, New Jersey [Redes sociales y mercado de trabajo en un caso de emigración. Los obreros italianos y los otros en Paterson, New Jersey].
The author examines the mechanisms of labour recruitment in the Paterson silk industry, in order to explain the conflicts deriving from the process of reduction in labour costs and, in relation to it, a transition from an "old" immigration from traditionally textile areas in Europe to a "new", less qualified one coming from peripheral areas. The role of face to face relations in access to jobs and gender conflicts among workers are also scrutinized.
Spanish - pp. 331-372.
F. Ramella, University of Turin, Italy.
( UNITED STATES, ITALY, CITIES, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, LABOUR MARKET, SOCIAL CONFLICTS.)
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