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94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, September 1998, Vol. 4, N° 3
Research review 5: Medical or health geography? Populations, peoples and places.
An epistemological and methodological debate has broken out between those who identify themselves as medical and health geographers. Lost within this debate has been the unprecedented explosion of research by medical and health geographers. Using this debate as a fulcrum, research in medical and health geography is reviewed, and opportunities where medical, health and population geographers might usefully collaborate are identified. Ultimately, medical, health and population geographers need to work toward creating inclusive geographies.
English - pp. 211-226.
M. W. Rosenberg, Department of Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada.
rosenberg@post.queensu.ca.
(RESEARCH, METHODOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, PUBLIC HEALTH.)
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00.94.2 - MARTIN, David; RODERICK, Paul; DIAMOND, Ian; CLEMENTS, Stephen; STONE, Nicole.
Geographical aspects of the uptake of renal replacement therapy in England.
The National Renal Review provides a complete picture of new patients treated by renal replacement therapy (RRT) in England in 1991-92. RRT is a lifesaving treatment for patients with endstage renal failure. This paper describes an analysis of the review data using multilevel modelling to assess the effects of age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, access and supply factors on acceptance onto RRT. In particular, we focus on the additional effect of deprivation, access and supply when the basic population factors are taken into account. After a summary of the results of national modelling, a series of models for Greater London, Metropolitan and nonMetropolitan areas are presented, which examine the variations in these factors by area type.
English - pp. 227-242.
D. Martin, Department of Geography, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K.
(UNITED KINGDOM, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, DISEASES, HEALTH FACILITIES.)
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Investment, population growth and GNP as determinants of US immigration.
The author evaluates whether emigration to the United States in the 1989-93 period can be accounted for by demographic and economic conditions in sending countries, as postulated by neoclassical theorists, or by levels of U.S. investment in sending countries, as claimed by world system theorists. Utilizing data on U.S. permanent migration, emigration rates for 150 sending countries are calculated and the correlates of emigration assessed. The analysis provides no support for claims that rapid population growth and U.S. investment fuel U.S. immigration. Rather emigration is significantly lower from countries experiencing rapid population growth and not significantly correlated with U.S. investment. Indeed, U.S. investment tends to be highest in more advanced countries that send relatively few migrants to the United States. Geographic proximity is the most important correlate of emigration, followed by population size of sending countries, which has a negative relationship to emigration. The analysis also provides some support for the neoclassical argument that emigration will decrease as countries develop. It is argued that policy factors remain the important factor shaping U.S. immigration. Who a country decides to admit and how many people are admitted depends largely on outcomes of public policy discussions and very little on the economic and demographic conditions of sending countries.
English - pp. 243-258.
M. M. Kritz, Population and Development Program, Cornell University, Warren Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.
mmk5@cornell.edu.
(UNITED STATES, IMMIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, PLACE OF ORIGIN, POPULATION GROWTH, FOREIGN INVESTMENTS.)
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00.94.4 - BROWN, Lawrence; PAVRI, Firooza; LAWSON, Victoria A.
Gender, migration and the organisation of work under economic devolution: Ecuador, 1982-90.
This paper focuses on labour force segments defined on the basis of migrant status and gender, in terms of the impact of economic devolution related to structural adjustment policies (SAPs). In this context, gender has received attention primarily since 1990, while the migrant/non-migrant section of the labour force remains to be tackled. Impact is calibrated for labour force segments based on gender, migration status, and both combined. Data representing all of Ecuador, and broken down by conceptually meaningful occupational and economic-sector-of-employment categories, are used to observe changes over the decade of the 1980s when the impacts of SAPs were most felt. Statistics measure change between 1982 and 1990 for the population as a whole, and change in the proportion of each workforce category broken down by gender, migrant status, and both combined. The results show that females were more adversely affected than males and migrants more than non-migrants. Concerning the combination of migration status and gender, male non-migrants fared distinctly better than the other categories. Male migrants and female non-migrants occupied a similar middle position. Female migrants came out as the most disadvantaged group, experiencing declines in high-skill employment opportunities and a shift toward low-skill and family-based employment.
English - pp. 259-274.
L. A. Brown, Department of Geography, Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210-1361, U.S.A.
(ECUADOR, ECONOMIC RECESSION, LABOUR MIGRATION, SEX DIFFERENTIALS.)
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94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, January-February 1999, VOL.5, N° 1
00.94.5 - ISHIKAWA, Yoshitaka.
Contribution of the demographic factor to the migration turnarounds in Japan, Sweden and Canada.
It is well known that similar changes of migration pattern occurred during recent decades in most developed countries; core regions recorded a greatly decreased net inmigration in the 1970s, but increased net inmigration in the 1980s. Based on shift-share analysis of the migration data of Japan, Sweden and Canada, this paper reveals that changing cohort size, especially related to the fertility fluctuation of baby boom and bust, has played an important role in the turnarounds. Furthermore, it is elucidated from a series of correlation analyses that this demographic factor was closely linked with labour-market restructuring in terms of industrial/occupational employment changes.
English - pp. 1-17.
Y. Ishikawa, Department of Geography, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, 606-8501, Japan.
d54676@sakura.kudpc.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
(JAPAN, SWEDEN, CANADA, MIGRATION TRENDS, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, POPULATION DYNAMICS, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.)
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00.94.6 - ALI, Mohammad; DE FRANCISCO, Andres; KHAN, M. Mahmud; CHAKRABORTY, Jyotsnamoy; MYAUX, Jacques.
Factors affecting the performance of family planning workers: Importance of Geographical Information Systems in empirical analysis.
An intensive family planning intervention based on community health workers (CHWs) has been in place in the Matlab area of rural Bangladesh for over a decade. Despite the programme's relative success, considerable variations in the performances of CHWs remain a concern. The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of CHWs performances by introducing geographical factors in addition to the conventional socioeconomic and other related variables. The attribute data on the study area were obtained from a longitudinal surveillance system, and the spatial data came from a geographical information system (GIS) database. The catchment areas for all 80 CHWs were defined by using GIS technology and spatially referenced data. A cross-sectional time-series regression model was employed on the longitudinal data of 16 years for the 80 CHWs. One significant finding of the empirical analysis is that the size of catchment area influences the performance of CHWs significantly. Geographical barriers to movement in the catchment area also affect performance of the CHW. The exercise implies that the performance of the CHWs can be improved significantly by defining their catchment areas using GIS techniques.
English - pp. 19-29.
M. Ali, GIS Unit, Public Health Sciences Division, ICDDR-B, GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
(BANGLADESH, FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES, EVALUATION, FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, INFORMATION SYSTEMS.)
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A geographical analysis of multiethnic households in the United States.
The multiethnic nature of US society is a well-documented and recognised phenomenon. However, how people of different ethnic groups have mixed together has not been clearly described, especially the geographical variations in different types of mixing. Using the household-level data provided by the 5% PUMS data from the 1990 Census, this paper reports the pattern of ethnic mixing at the household level in the US, and also describes the geographical patterns of different types of multiethnic households at both the state level and the PUMA level. Several of the largest metropolitan areas are also examined in greater detail. The strong dominance of whites in the process of ethnic mixing is clear, as is the expected dominance of blacks in southeastern US and the dominance of Hispanics in the southwest at the state level. The PUMA-level analysis reveals local clusters of ethnic mixing that are not apparent at the state-level analysis. The social distances between groups, which affect the level of racial integration, are therefore reflected in these more detailed studies. Ethnic mixes involving other smaller ethnic groups such as the Japanese and Filipinos are also identified. The most common mix within an area is usually associated with one of the largest groups in the US, but less common mixes, especially in urban areas, form ethnic kaleidoscopes, which indicate integration involving many ethnic groups.
English - pp. 31-48.
D. W. S. Wong, Geography and Earth Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, U.S.A.
dwong2@gmu.edu.
(UNITED STATES, ETHNIC COMPOSITION, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, MISCEGENATION, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY.)
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00.94.8 - GREEN, A. E.; HOGARTH, T.; SHACKLETON, R. E.
Longer distance commuting as a substitute for migration in Britain: A review of trends, issues and implications.
Recent years have witnessed important changes in working and family lives in Britain. Key labour market developments include growth in higher-level non-manual occupations, of women in employment, and in flexible working practices. One outcome of these trends has been an increase in "two-earner" households. Meanwhile, research on commuting patterns has revealed a trend towards longer, and more geographically diverse, journey-to-work flows. For some subgroups of the population, the growth in flexible working practices and the diffusion of information technologies has meant that more work can be undertaken at home, so negating the need to travel to work on a daily basis, and perhaps weakening the Vocational ties between residences and workplaces. Drawing on analyses of commuting data from secondary sources as well as on selected results from a research project on longdistance commuting in Britain, this article investigates the extent to which, and why, households may choose to substitute longer-distance commuting for migration. Reasons for long-distance weekly commuting, and associated advantages and disadvantages from individual, household and employer perspectives, are outlined. The evidence points to increasing complexity in home and working lives, with important implications for housing, transport and human resource management policies, as well as for family life. Long-distance weekly commuting may yield substantial financial and career benefits for the commuter, but the majority of costs are borne by his/her partner. For some individuals and households, such a lifestyle is one to be "enjoyed", and is seen as sustainable over the medium-term, whereas for others it is a case of "enduring suffering" until the family home and the workplace may be brought into closer alignment.
English - pp. 49-67.
A. E. Green, Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
A.E.Green@warwick.ac.uk.
(UNITED KINGDOM, COMMUTING, PLACE OF WORK, RESIDENCE, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, FAMILY LIFE, OCCUPATIONAL LIFE.)
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94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, March-April 1999, Vol. 5, N° 2
00.94.9 - TEO, Peggy; YEOH, Brenda S. A.
Interweaving the public and the private: Women's responses to population policy shifts in Singapore.
The private and the public are often deemed as a "natural" and universal division which models social life into a domestic sphere for women and a public/work sphere for men. The shift in Singapore's population policy from anti- to pro-natalism is used to explore gendered responses with the aim of deconstructing this dichotomy. The paper provides support for the interpenetration rather than division of spheres, and shows that macro-socioeconomic contexts are critical to redefining social values which may ultimately affect the coalescence of public ideology and private freedoms.
English - pp. 79-96.
P. Teo, Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
geoteop@nus.edu.sg.
(SINGAPORE, ANTINATALIST POLICY, PRONATALIST NATALISTE, PRIVATE LIFE, PUBLIC SECTOR, SEX DIFFERENTIALS, SOCIAL NORMS.)
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00.94.10 - GARCÍA COLL, Arlinda; STILLWELL, John.
Inter-provincial migration in Spain: Temporal trends and age-specific patterns.
The geographical pattern of population redistribution through internal migration in Spain in the 1980s was significantly different from that apparent in the two previous decades. Changes have occurred in response to processes of industrial restructuring, political reform and social changes, including the desire by some former outmigrants to return to their origins. This paper provides interpretation of the changing patterns of internal migration in Spain at the inter-provincial scale, and new analysis of age-specific migration during the 1980s using a 10% sample of anonymised records from the 1991 census. Schedules of age-specific gross migration rates are constructed and classified according to their shape and level relative to the national schedule, and the relationships between in-migration and out-migration rates are examined for four selected age groups to demonstrate how aggregate patterns of inter-provincial migration conceal a wide diversity of age-specific experience.
English - pp. 97-115.
J. Stillwell, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
john@geog.leeds.ac.uk.
(SPAIN, PROVINCES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS, AGE-SPECIFIC RATE.)
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Disease environments and subnational patterns of under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.
In sub-Saharan Africa there are considerable variations in under-five mortality between and within countries. However, an examination of subnational mortality rates for spatially contiguous African countries has not been attempted since the mid-1970s. DHS mortality data at the provincial level were used to construct maps of under-five mortality for contiguous countries in East/southern Africa and West Africa. These maps show spatial patterns of mortality that straddle national boundaries, suggesting the importance of regional disease environments. In East/southern Africa a saddle of high mortality is evident in northern Zambia and Malawi and low mortality belts in southern Africa and the Kenyan/Tanzanian highlands. In West Africa mortality is lowest along the coast and increases steadily into the interior, peaking in the most northerly provinces of Niger and Mali. With the aid of regression models and join-count statistics, it is argued that the spatial pattern of mortality in West Africa is primarily due to socio-economic variations within a relatively homogeneous disease environment; while in East/southern Africa the greater heterogeneity in disease environments means that differences in intensity of malaria transmission have a major spatial impact on mortality.
English - pp. 117-132.
G. P. M. Root, The Southern Africa Malaria Control Program, Box 348, WHO, Harare, Zimbabwe.
(AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, MORBIDITY, INFANT MORTALITY, CHILD MORTALITY, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.)
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Family migration and the labour-force participation of married women in the Netherlands, 1977-1996.
This paper examines the effects of longdistance migration on the labour-force participation of married women in the Netherlands using data from the 1977 and 1995/96 labour-force surveys. The results show that married women who migrated in the year before the interview to another province participated less in paid employment than other married women. The negative effect on the wife's employment is stronger for longer moves (crossing at least two provincial boundaries) than for shorter ones (over one provincial boundary) and was somewhat weaker in 1995/96 than in 1977. The strength of the migration effect also varies among different groups of married women. In 1995/96, women with a high educational level and women who live in the Randstad experienced less negative effects of migration. At the same time, the negative effects of migration were stronger for women with children at home and for women whose husbands held prestigious jobs.
English - pp. 133-150.
J. Smits, Faculty of Economics and Econometrics, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 11, 1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands.
j.smits@fee.uva.nl.
(NETHERLANDS, FAMILY MIGRATION, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, MARRIED WOMEN, INTERNAL MIGRATION.)
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94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, May-June 1999, Vol. 5, N° 3
00.94.13 - BOYLE, Paul; COOKE, Tom; HALFACREE, Keith; SMITH, Darren.
Integrating GB and US census microdata for studying the impact of family migration on partnered women's labour market status.
Large microdata sample files from national censuses are increasingly being used in social science research, yet little work has been done to integrate such data-sets despite the literature that draws attention to this potential. We argue that, while such research is to be encouraged, there are problems in integrating different data-sets that must be given due attention. The example considered here is a cross-national analysis of the effects of family migration on labour market participation rates for female partners using data from the 1991 British Census Sample of Anonymised Records and the 1990 United States Public Use Microdata Sample. However, the lessons from this exercise are argued to be of more general interest. The problems we address are divided into those of: data collection, manipulation and reliability; question type and definition; and the measurement of individual and family variables. We also present some brief empirical findings from our two samples. The paper demonstrates that care must be taken when comparing microdata across nations, and that in some ways the GB and US data are surprisingly incompatible. Even so, the benefits of cross-national comparisons make endeavours such as this well worthwhile, enabling comparative benchmarks to be established from which the influence of national ideological and institutional structures can be evaluated.
English - pp. 157-178
P. Boyle, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K.
(UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, FAMILY MIGRATION, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, MARRIED WOMEN, DATA COMPARABILITY, METHODOLOGY.)
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00.94.14 - PELOE, Andrew; REES, Phil.
Estimating ethnic change in London, 1981-91, using a variety of census data.
This paper provides estimates of ethnic minority populations in 1981 in Greater London so that spatial population change can be measured. The estimation method involves the application of conditional probabilities of ethnicity given the country of birth. Several different data sources from the census of population have been used to compute the conditional probabilities. Each of these sources has deficiencies; the new method proposed here employs data on 1981-91 survivors in the ONS Longitudinal Study (LS). The estimated ethnic minority populations for 1981 are smaller than those generated using 1991 Census data, and hence the estimate of change is larger. Careful pairwise comparisons are made between alternative estimates. A set of very different maps of change, based on the LS method, are presented and interpreted for the ethnic groups of London at the borough scale.
English - pp. 179-194.
A. Peloe, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
a.peloe@geog.leeds.ac.uk.
(UNITED KINGDOM, CAPITAL CITY, ETHNIC COMPOSITION, POPULATION DYNAMICS, METHODOLOGY, MAPPING, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.)
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Geographical pattern analysis of income migration in the United States.
Most of the research on internal migration has focused on the determinants of migration. Considerably less work has focused on migration impacts. A significant impact of internal population movement is its ability to effect income redistribution. While much work in regional economics and regional science has been carried out on income distribution and redistribution, the tools of the population geographer have not been employed to study "income migration". How one conceptualises the impacts of migration depends on whether one takes the viewpoint of aggregate area-level income change, of per capita change, or of longer-term (future earnings) change. Several empirical analytical measures are proposed in order to conceptualise the various income impacts of migration. An income version of the demographic effectiveness ratio commonly employed in migration research is suggested. A procedure is set forth for splitting total state-level income change into components attributable to (a) net migration, and (b) the income differential between in- and out-migrants. Another decomposition procedure is developed for examining how the changes in per capita income of states reflect three different income differentials: those between (a) in-migrants and "stayers", (b) out-migrants and "stayers", and (c) in-migrants and out-migrants. Examination of these measures, and of typologies based on them, highlights how income migration significantly and differentially impacts upon US states. The methods are illustrated here in the context of an important new American data source: the 1993-94 migrant income data released by the US Internal Revenue Service.
English - pp. 195-212.
D. A. Plane, Department of Geography and Regional Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A.
plane@u.arizona.edu.
(UNITED STATES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, INCOME, METHODO-LOGY.)
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00.94.16 - FORD, Nicholas J.; KOETSAWANG, Suporn.
Narrative explorations and self-esteem: Research, intervention and policy for HIV prevention in the sex industry in Thailand.
Findings are presented from an integrated programme of research involving psychosocial analysis and programme design, implementation and evaluation, to promote consistent condom use by female sex workers in Thailand. The context is outlined with respect to Thai sexual culture, the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the changing structure of the sex industry. Essentially the programme seeks to contribute to the effective functioning of the Thai Government's policy of "100% condom use in the sex industry". Following Phase I, which involved detailed psychosocial investigation, the programme sought to address the knowledge, attitudinal, motivational and self-esteem factors found to influence condom use. The design of this multifaceted intervention is discussed. The key element in the programme entailed the design and use of dramatic narrative scenarios on video to depict the dilemmas and concerns faced by sex workers, as a basis for open discussion and personal exploration. The programme was implemented in high-income and low-income sex establishments in Central Thailand. It was evaluated using a pre-test/post-test, intervention and control, quasi-experimental design. Findings are presented for the more crucial low-income settings to indicate the effects on cognition and behaviour. Most critically, the consistency of condom use over a one-month period increased from 66% pre-test to 86% in the post-test period in the intervention settings, but showed no change among the control sex workers. We consider the implications of the findings for HIV prevention in the Thai sex industry.
English - pp. 123-233.
N. J. Ford, Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, U.K.
N.J.Ford@exeter.ac.uk.
(THAILAND, PROSTITUTION, AIDS, CONDOM, PROGRAMME EVALUATION.)
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94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, July-August 1999, Vol. 5, N° 4
00.94.17 - TAMMARU, Tiit; SJÖBERG, Örjan.
On the move: Explaining migration patterns in Estonia during the transition period.
Contrary to the indications of official statistics, recent research suggests that internal migration in Estonia may in fact be predominantly urban-bound. Applying a loosely structurationist approach to analyse sample survey data collected in 1997, this paper attempts to explore why urban areas are attractive as a destination, and why many migrants moving to urban areas, unlike those leaving for the countryside, fail to register. Differential urban-rural and regional development are the important factors helping to explain the nature and direction of migratory flows in Estonia during the transition period, while the (partial) removal of constraints operating in urban housing markets facilitates the decision to move. As for non-registration of residential relocation, the practice is mostly associated with migrants aged 35 or below. This is a group that, for a variety of reasons, has a rather special standing with respect to access to, and ownership of, residential property.
English - pp. 241-260.
Ö. Sjöberg, Stockholm School of Economics, PO Box 6501, SE-113 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
orjan.sjoberg@hhs.se.
(ESTONIA, INTERNAL MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, REGISTRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, HOUSING POLICY.)
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Questions of migration and belonging: Understandings of migration under neoliberalism in Ecuador.
Migration studies across the social sciences are tackling exciting questions about the importance of local narratives of migration and the insights they can give on the importance of dialectical treatments of the places of migration. In this paper the author explores alternative understandings and experiences of migration, drawing on in-depth interviews with urban-destined migrants in Ecuador to argue that mobility produces ambivalent development subjects. Recent research is retheorising the places of migration as deterritorialised households, labour markets and communities that explode singular concepts of uniform and contiguous origins or destinations of migration. Building from this work, I argue that in contrast to a dualistic and discrete treatment of the relationships between origins and destinations, migration research can develop a nuanced, imaginative, dialectical understanding of the interplay of identity and subjectivity, of desire and longing, across the places of migration. By foregrounding these dialectical relationships between places and people, we can begin to disrupt the central tenets of modernisation, assimilationist approaches, and so mount a critique of the coherence of national projects of modernisation in places such as Ecuador.
English - pp. 261-276.
V. Lawson, Department of Geography, University of Washington, Box 352550, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A.
(ECUADOR, MIGRATION, THEORY, METHODOLOGY.)
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00.94.19 - FORREST, James; JOHNSTON, Ron.
Disadvantage, discrimination and the occupational differentiation of migrant groups in Australia.
There is a substantial debate in the literature regarding the occupational differentiation of migrant groups within their host country's labour market. Are migrants simply disadvantaged because of their educational qualifications, skills, linguistic abilities, and so on, or are they also discriminated against? This paper explores that question using recently obtained data for the 52 largest migrant groups in Australia. It finds clear evidence of disadvantage related to educational qualifications and, particularly, facility with the English language -- although these operate differentially for males and females -- plus differences that reflect the particular programmes under which recent migrants have entered the country.
English - pp. 277-296.
R. Johnston, University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences, University Road, Bristol, B58 1SS, U.K.
(AUSTRALIA, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, LABOUR MARKET, DISCRIMINATION, OCCUPATIONS, SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION.)
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Understanding population growth in the peri-urban region.
One of the most striking developments in population geography over the last 20 years has been the emergence of the peri-urban region, which is neither solely urban nor rural. Throughout the Western world, population growth in the peri-urban regions of large metropolitan centres has been rapid since the population turnaround of the 1970s, and has continued to the 1990s. However, the distinctive population geography of this growth zone and its unique sets of problems and issues remain under-researched. This paper advocates a new approach to understanding peri-urban population growth. A conceptual model is developed that identifies four distinct growth processes (suburbanisation, counterurbanisation, population retention, and centripetal migration), each of which acts somewhat differently on particular population subgroups. These differences, in turn, will be reflected in variations in the spatial manifestation of peri-urban growth within the region. This is illustrated in the context of an Australian case study.
English - pp. 297-311.
T. Ford, Department of Geography, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
T.L.Ford@ncl.ac.uk.
(AUSTRALIA, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, URBAN POPULATION, SUBURBANIZATION, POPULATION GROWTH.)
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94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, September-October 1999, Vol. 5, N° 5
London and New York: Contrasts in British and American models of segregation.
London and New York differ dramatically in the social geographies of their ethnic minority populations. London is a city with immigrants and minorities, while New York is a city of immigrants and minorities. In London they are recent, while in New York they are the lifeblood of its history. The contrasts in social geography stem also from the differing origins of the ethnic minority populations and the constitutional differences between the countries within which they are set. In New York, the fundamental divide is racial; in London it is cultural. London and New York have roughly the same population and are both global cities, acting in similar ways in the world economy. Both cities have been showing long-term population losses, but whereas in New York this has been identified as "white flight", in London's case it is seen in less emotive terms as "counterurbanisation". In particular, population decrease in the major UK conurbations preceded non-European ethnic immigration by at least ten years. Thus, whereas in New York, immigrant and minority growth is represented as displacing white Americans, in London the causation seems reversed. The discussion concentrates on comparisons of the racialised minorities in London with African-Americans and Hispanics in New York. The main thrust of the argument is that London's Afro-Caribbean population is, against expectations, following a "melting pot" trajectory while South Asian groups are following a more structural pluralistic path. However, in New York, African-Americans continue to experience the hyper-segregated existence that sets the American model apart from the urban forms of the Western world, while the Latino population edges towards the "melting pot".
English - pp. 319-351.
C. Peach, Oxford University School of Geography, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, U.K.
ceri.peach@geography.oxford.ac.uk.
(UNITED STATES, UNITED KINGDOM, METROPOLIS, ETHNIC MINORITIES, RACES, CULTURE, SEGREGATION, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.)
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00.94.22 - GUPTA, H. S.; BAGHEL, A.
Infant mortality in the Indian slums: Case studies of Calcutta metropolis and Raipur city.
Based on data collected through interview of 2142 mothers who had experienced live births and/or infant deaths within one year preceding the date of survey in selected slums of Calcutta Metropolis and Raipur City, this study attempts to elucidate and explain the levels, differentials, causes and determinants of infant mortality in the Indian slums. The infant mortality rate (IMR) in the slums was found to be quite high but lower than that in rural India, underlining the importance of "urban residence" as a major controlling factor of infant mortality. The IMR in the slums of Calcutta was about one and a half times that in the slums of Raipur, suggesting that slum infant mortality is far worse in metropolises than in smaller cities. A number of individual-level, household-level and slum-level determinants were examined, and all played some explanatory role, but the differences in neighbourhood environment contributed most substantially to the infant mortality differential between the slums of Calcutta and Raipur. The study also reveals that mere literacy or low educational level is not an effective depressant of infant mortality.
English - pp. 353-366.
H. S. Gupta, School of Studies in Geography, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, M. P. 492010, India.
bksharma@gwrl.vsnl.net.in.
(INDIA, METROPOLIS, MIDDLE-SIZED TOWNS, SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS, INFANT MORTALITY, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY, MORTALITY DETERMINANTS.)
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00.94.23 - HAMPSHIRE, Kate; RANDALL, Sarah.
Seasonal labour migration strategies in the Sahel: Coping with poverty or optimising security?.
Much research on seasonal labour migration in the Sahel has come up with contradictory findings about the relationships between poverty, underdevelopment and such migration. Many of the contradictions stem from the fact that the heterogeneous nature of Sahelian society both in terms of production system and ethnicity has not been fully taken into account when considering migratory behaviour of different populations. This study considers the relationships between seasonal labour migration and poverty for different Fulani populations in northern Burkina Faso, who represent the spectrum of production systems from pure pastoralist through agro-pastoralism to cultivation. There is a general trend of increasing participation in seasonal labour with increasing household wealth; limited financial and human resources mean that many of the poorer households are excluded from this option. However, the picture is complicated by other economic and ethnic differences among the populations. Agriculturalists are more likely to migrate than pastoralists who face year-round herding demands, and one Fulani subgroup, the FulBe DjelgoBe, is unlikely to migrate at all unless desperate. The impacts of circular labour migration also vary. For a few agriculturalists and agro-pastoralists, migration to the cities brings substantial rewards; for most the returns are small but may still be important. The chances of negative outcomes are much higher for pastoralists. Unless adequate provision is made to cover labour deficits in the migrants' absence, the costs to domestic production may seriously outweigh any benefits in the long term. In times of hardship, widespread temporary out-migration of pastoralists is usually a sign of desperation and destitution.
English - pp. 367-385.
S. Randall, Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower Steet, Londres WC1E 6BT, U.K.
(AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, SEASONAL MIGRATION, LABOUR MIGRATION, POVERTY, FARMING SYSTEMS.)
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00.94.24 - SIMPSON, Stephen; MIDDLETON, Elizabeth.
Undercount of migration in the UK 1991 census and its impact on counterurbanisation and population projections.
Estimates of migration from a national census are essential ingredients of population analysis for subnational areas. The impact of incomplete data became an issue in Britain, because evidence after its 1991 Census suggested that the 2% undercount was concentrated in particular demographic and social groups. A review of the social dimensions of non-response in past censuses, together with the official estimates of nonresponse for demographic categories, have been used to estimate a range for the number missing from each census flow of migrants between local authority districts in Britain. In total around 23% is added to the published count of migrants. The impact of the missing migrants is shown to have overestimated the scale of counterurbanisation, but not to account for the entire phenomenon. Nonresponse, when included in estimates of migration, does eliminate entirely the excess of females among young adult migrants observed in the 1991 census. In official population projections, the main effect of including an allowance for non-respondents is to reduce considerably the net flows out of city districts. Measures to include estimates of non-response within the published census counts are necessary. Plans for a "One number census" in 2001 may much reduce the biases within the UK census counts of migrants.
English - pp. 387-405.
S. L. Simpson, Cathie Marchh Centre for Census and Survey Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
stephen.simpson@man.ac.uk.
(UNITED KINGDOM, URBANIZATION, POPULATION CENSUS, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION MEASUREMENT, UNDERENUMERATION.)
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94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, November-December 1999, Vol. 5, N° 6
Assessing changes in interstate migration patterns of the United States elderly population, 1965-1990.
This study examines temporal changes in elderly interstate migration in the United States. All of the interstate movers who were 60 and over are selected from the Public Use Micro-Samples (PUMS) of the 1970,1980 and 1990 censuses, and three interstate mobility tables are constructed. A triply-constrained gravity model is used to compare the propensities of moving to southern destinations while controlling population sizes for origins, destinations and sample years. The results show that the propensity for moving from cold regions to warm regions has declined by 2.5% since 1980. Elderly migrants from the major retiree-sending regions have begun to lose their ties to the popular southern migration destinations (e.g. Florida, Arizona, California), and, for the most part, this process started in the late 1980s. However, unlike the temporal pattern of the United Kingdom, where elderly migrants have started to move to various inland destinations, US states that registered a persistent gain in the share of elderly migrants are still in the south or southwest, and they are the new competitors to the traditionally established retirement destinations. Newly emergent interstate elderly migration trends can be characterised as geographically focused decline and focused growth. Even though this trend has not caused a reduction in the number of elderly movers to the traditional retirement magnet states, it may result in the saturation of long-term care facilities in the traditional retirement states while causing shortages in new retirement states.
English - pp. 411-424.
G. Lin, Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Victoria BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
glin@uvic.ca.
(UNITED STATES, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY, INTERNAL MIGRATION, AGED, RETIREMENT, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.)
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00.94.26 - CHAN, Kam Wing; LIU, Ta; YANG, Yunyan.
Hukou and non-hukou migrations in China: Comparisons and contrasts.
This paper uses China's 1990 Census 1% microdata and studies interprovincial migration with reference to a core Chinese socioeconomic institution, the household registration (hukou) system. We first compared the socioeconomic characteristics and geographical patterns of long-distance hukou and non-hukou migratory flows, and developed a framework of dual migration circuits. With this framework, we used a statistical model to evaluate migration rates in relation to both origin and destination variables. It was found that these two types of migrants shared some general demographic characteristics, but displayed substantial socioeconomic differences. Hukou migrants tended to originate in urban areas, had an extremely high share of the college-educated and were employed in more skilled jobs, while non-hukou migrants were mostly from rural areas with much lower education attainment. Hukou labour migrants tended to move through government and formal channels, while non-hukou migrants relied on their own, often informal, sources for jobs. We used a set of place-to-place migration models to assess the differential effect of the same variables on different types of migration. While hukou and non-hukou migration (including rural labour migration) were, as expected, deterred by distance and moved mostly to more economically developed coastal provinces, the migration mechanisms and degree of the impact were not the same. Non-hukou migration rates were tied positively to the migration stock, a process consistent with a networked migration hypothesis, while hukou migration rates were not. Rural labour migrants moved away from provinces of high population pressure to those with more favourable ratios of land per labourer, in line with neoclassical predictions. Hukou migration moved in the opposite direction, reflecting a different set of factors at work. Our analysis indicates that the hukou system remained a relatively powerful institution in structuring migration in the 1980s. The study also illustrates the usefulness and limitations of applying existing migration models in a different sociopolitical context.
English - pp. 425-448.
K. W. Chan, Department of Geography, University of Washington, Box 353550, Seattle, WA 98195-355, U.S.A.
(CHINA, PROVINCES, INTERNAL MIGRATION, DATA COLLECTION, REGISTRATION, DIFFERENTIAL MIGRA-TION, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.)
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00.94.27 - ROGERS, Andrei; LITTLE, Jani; RAYMER, James.
Disaggregating the historical demographic sources of regional foreign-born and native-born population growth in the United States: A new method with applications.
In this paper we offer a general method for analysing the demographic processes that contribute to population growth and redistribution in a multiregional system. The method incorporates a historical perspective that can be used to trace dynamic population processes as they evolve over time. It uses an open multiregional projection model framework for identifying the contributions to regional growth made by each of the principal demographic components of change: fertility, mortality, immigration, emigration, in-migration and out-migration. At the same time, the method recognises the importance of disaggregating the native-born and foreign-born populations. Available public data and indirect estimation techniques are used to develop the data inputs for the projection model, with which we reconstruct the regional population changes for each five-year period between 1950 and 1990. Regional growth rates for the foreign-born and native-born populations are partitioned into the separate demographic components of change, and the projection model identifies the separate contributions to regional growth made by each population. This allows a direct comparison of the impacts of immigration with those of corresponding native-born contributions effected through internal migration and natural increases. Finally, application of the method allows us to identify the contribution that "recent" (post-1965) immigrant cohorts have made to the composition of the youngest age groups in each region, and also to simulate the impacts of zero immigration scenarios on regional growth.
English - pp. 449-475.
A. Rogers, Population Program, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0484, U.S.A.
(UNITED STATES, REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY, POPULATION DYNAMICS, FOREIGNERS, INDIGENOUS POPULATION, PLACE OF BIRTH, DEMOGRAPHIC MODELS.)
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Migration and tourism entrepreneurship: North-European immigrants in Cataluña and Languedoc.
There is little research on tourism entrepreneurship, especially on foreign entrepreneurs working in tourism. This paper examines new north-European immigration into two Mediterranean regions and identifies the characteristics, of north-European entrepreneurs who work in small tourist businesses. Data are examined from 169 questionnaires addressed to small tourism firms and other tourism-related businesses in Cataluña (Spain) and Languedoc (France). The north-European entrepreneurs who run these businesses are examined in the context of new migration flows into southern European regions from the north of the continent. As with the reasons for moving to these southern European regions, company formation and the style of running the businesses are found to be motivated less by the need for work than by lifestyle considerations. The results suggest that international migration theory offers little to explain these new migration inflows. They must be seen as an issue of consumption, instead of one of work and the provision of services.
English - pp. 477-491.
R. Lardiés, Departamento de Geografía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
rlardies@posta.unizar.es.
(FRANCE, SPAIN, REGIONS, IMMIGRATION, TOURISM, ENTERPRISES, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS.)
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