| Retour à la page d'accueil |
| Back to Home page |
THE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY, 2000, Vol. 5, N° 1
Shotgun wedding and the meaning of marriage in Russia: An event history analysis.
The article examines the factors commonly thought to influence first marriage entry in indus-trialized countries, formulating a theoretical framework that identifies the ways in which these factors were modified by conditions in the Soviet period. Using survey data collected in Vo-ronezh, Russia, I utilize event history techniques to evaluate the influence of these factors on marital entry and timing among never-married pregnant women. Results indicate that educa-tion exerts a strong positive influence on marital entry. Household wealth and the baptismal status and religiosity of the respondent also influence marital entry.
(RUSSIA, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, FIRST MARRIAGE, PREMARITAL PREG-NANCY, EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS).
English - pp. 1-22.
K. D. Cartwright, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, U.S.A.
***
GRYTTEN, Ola Honningdal; BRAUTASET, Camilla.
Family households and unemployment in Norway during years of crisis: New estimates 1926-1939.
Inter-war Norway saw a depressed labor market with mass unemployment both in the 1920s and 1930s. In order to protect family household income, bread-winners were preferred in the labor market. In consequence, discriminatory measures were carried out against married women and the younger part of the labor force with minor family support responsibilities. The article offers new estimates of employment, unemployment, family support responsibilities, labor participation rates, and hidden unemployment based on census data and files from the Norwegian National Archive. The major conclusion drawn is that the discriminatory policy made unemployment higher in the young non-bread-winning part of the labor force than among breadwinners, while married women to a large extent withdrew from the labor market and went into hidden unemployment.
(NORWAY, HISTORY, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, MARRIED WOMEN, WITHDRAW FROM THE LABOUR FORCE).
English - pp. 23-53.
O. H. Grytten and C. Brautaset, Department of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Norway.
***
TEJERINA, Marcel; AGUIRREZABALA, Marcela.
The Garcia De La Paz: A family from the Canary Islands in eighteenth-century Rio De La Plata.
The article concerns one settler family of Montevideo and focuses on the familial group's atti-tudes and strategies, and rules of coexistence and forms of adaptation. It uses notarial sources, cabildo (town council) documents, list of inhabitants, books of marriage, and traveller reports. Emphasis is placed in the family's women, their everyday realities, and their perception of the environment and of their role inside the family and social circle. Their behavior is examined through analysis of marriage, procreation, and inheritance, as well as of their personal rela-tionships with the familial group and in the community. This examination of the demographic, social-economic, cultural and psychological contexts of female activities is meant to develop a model for dealing with the history of the family in marginal zones.
(URUGUAY, HISTORY, FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY, WOMEN'S STATUS, WOMEN'S ROLE).
English - pp. 91-109.
M. Tejerina and M. Aguirrezabala, Department of Humanities, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 12 de Octubre y San Juan, Bahia Blanca C.P. 8000, Argentina.
***
"The ties that bind." The role of family and ethnic networks in the settlement of Polish mi-grants in Pennsylvania, 1890-1940.
The essay investigates the different adaptive strategies migrants used to cope with their new surroundings. "Strategies" have proven to be a useful concept to study behavior of migrants in the new country, as it focuses on their own actions, their way to play within the structures. Migrants' networks, such as family, friends and ethnic organizations, were crucial in this. The article focuses on Polish migrants and how their networks supplied support and self-help and were a way of coping, although not to the same degree for everyone. Networks could also have a conservative and restrictive effect, particularly on women and children. The actions of the migrants were guided by a set of social and normative rules but these were dynamic and changed according to the needs of the migrants in the new country. Over the generations, tra-ditional values were adapted to the new environment. New ideas were taken from the Ameri-can culture and modified to the Polish norm (Americanization and feminism in a Polish way).
(UNITED STATES, POLAND, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, IMMIGRANTS, MI-GRANT ASSIMILATION, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION).
English - pp. 111-148.
***
THE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY, 2000, Vol. 5, N° 2
Special Issue: Surnames: History of the Family and History of Populations Guest Editors: Guy BRUNET and Alain BIDEAU
Surnames: History of the family and history of populations.
A meeting on surnames was recently held in Lyons, gathering searchers from different scien-tific horizons such as sociology, history, anthropology, demography and population genetics. We selected six papers because of their major interest to history of the family and history of populations. Surnames appear as an important and convenient tool for the study of marriage patterns or of geographical mobility. We also provide some general comments about the dif-ferent uses of surnames in the current works in the field of historical demography and popula-tion genetics. We also mention some examples revealing the social significance of surnames in some specific historical context.
(CONFERENCES, HISTORY, SURNAME, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, POPULA-TION GENETICS, METHODOLOGY).
English - pp. 153-160.
G. Brunet, Centre d'Études Démographiques, Université de Lyon 2, Lyon, France; A. Bideau, CNRS, Centre Pierre Léon, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France.
***
DESJARDINS, Bertrand; BIDEAU, Alain; BRUNET, Guy; CHARBONNEAU, Hubert; LEGARE, Jacques.
From France to New France: Quebec family names, past and present.
The history of family names is directly linked to the history of populations. In the French-Canadian case, this history has two main features: a small number of founding members of a population, and a rapid increase due to a high reproduction rate, without any significant new influx of immigrants. Other factors intervened in the success of certain names: differential reproduction rates between regions, how early the name was established, and the use of sur-names, which in some cases replaced the original name. With respect to names, France and New France were very different. Research in France on the names of a sample of pioneers going to the New World shows little expansion of several names, particularly in the immi-grants' region of origin.
(CANADA, FRANCE, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, IMMIGRATION, SUR-NAME).
English - pp. 215-226.
B. Desjardins, H. Charbonneau, J. Légaré, Département de Démographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; A. Bideau, CNRS, Centre Pierre Léon, and G. Brunet, Centre d'Études Démographiques, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France.
***
POULAIN, Michel; FOULON, Michel; DEGIOANNI, Anna; DARLU, Pierre.
Flemish immigration in Wallonia and in France: Patronyms as data.
Flemish emigration during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is too complex to be dealt with definitively in a single article. Our main objective is to provide an overview of the mi-gration towards France and Wallonia by looking at its chronology, and the spatial distribution of emigrants and their descendants. In this effort, patronym distribution is very helpful. As markers of migratory movements, patronyms from a collection of nominative lists give us a handle on migration flows as no other evidence can. Comparing France and Wallonia, the two destination areas, it is possible to see similarities between types of migrants: workers in heavy industry, workers in the agricultural sector, and workers engaged in domestic services. In ad-dition, three phases may be identified in the arrival of a Flemish population in France and Wallonia: an emigration phase, an integration phase, and a redistribution phase. The last phase is also part of the urbanization process and is linked with upward social mobility.
(BELGIUM, FRANCE, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, ETHNIC GROUPS, IMMIGRA-TION, SURNAME, MIGRATION MEASUREMENT, MIGRATION FIELDS).
English - pp. 227-241.
M. Poulain, M. Foulon, Centre d'Étude de Gestion Démographique pour les Administrations Publiques, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 place Montesquieu, Boîte 7, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; A. Degioanni and P. Darlu, INSERM U155, Université de Paris VII, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris, France.
***
Surnames, marriage, and consanguinity in eighteenth and nineteenth century Haute-Provence.
A study of the stem family system in a group of villages in Haute Provence during the eight-eenth and nineteenth centuries reveals the existence of a high degree of isonymy (same-namedness). The sources employed were marriage contracts and parish registers permitting genealogical reconstitution. Does isonymy always signify a marriage between close relatives bearing the same name? In fact, although the spouses might share a common ancestor, that ancestor might date back many generations. The relatively frequent occurrence of marriages among homonymous spouses should not be interpreted as absolute proof of a union between close relatives. Indeed, heteronymic alliances, even exogamic ones, can hide a marriage be-tween first cousins, if consanguinity is transmitted by the mothers.
(FRANCE, PROVINCES, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, SURNAME, MARRIAGE, CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE).
English - pp. 243-254.
A. Collomp, Institut d'Ethnologie Méditerranéenne et Comparative, CNRS, Université d'Aix-Marseille I et III, France.
***
THE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY, 2000, Vol. 5, N° 3
Special Issue: Beyond Kinship and Households: Godparents and Orphans Guest Editor: Claude MORIN
Coresidence of siblings, half-siblings, and step-siblings in Ancien Régime France.
A significant proportion of children in ancien régime France lived in broken homes or in blended families and had to cope with the presence of half-siblings and step-siblings in the same residence. Reconstructing the family experience with well-documented guardianship accounts, the article compares the lives of children with the experience of their siblings, half-siblings and stepsiblings, concentrating particularly on the patterns of coresidence. Brothers and sisters were often separated during the guardianship period, some of them being raised in different places for most of their childhood. Half-siblings and stepsiblings lived together for rather short periods of time, because of their difference in age, their birth rank or their gender. Finally, the lives of those children was closely linked to the administration of their heritage: when both their mothers and fathers were dead, another relative took charge of the guardian-ship and often removed the children from a step-parent home, thus separating half-siblings.
(FRANCE, HISTORY, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, SIBLINGS, COMPOSITE HOUSEHOLD, HALF-BROTHERS, HALF-SISTERS, COHABITATION).
English - pp. 299-314.
S. Perrier, Department of History, University of Ottawa, Canada.
***
BIDEAU, Alain; BRUNET, Guy; FORONI, Fabrice.
Orphans and their family histories: A study of the Valserine Valley (France) during the nine-teenth and twentieth centuries.
In this article we propose two approaches for determining the number of orphaned children in a population and for studying their life course. The first approach is based on vital registration records, the second on census data. At the end of the nineteenth century some ten percent of children became orphans before their tenth birthday, and thirteen percent before their thir-teenth. At the beginning of the twentieth century the surviving parent normally took responsi-bility for the custody and guardianship of the children. When this option was not available, close relatives could either provide a home for some of the orphaned children in their own households, or join the household of the surviving parent to provide care for the children. Placing the orphans in domestic service was rare. All such arrangements tended to be tempo-rary but, in general, orphans were cared for either by members of their family or by neighbors.
(FRANCE, HISTORY, REGIONS, ORPHANS, LIFE CYCLE, LIVING CONDI-TIONS).
English - pp. 315-325.
A. Bideau, G. Brunet, and F. Foroni, University of Lyon 2, 14 avenue Berthelot, Lyon, France.
***
ATTIAS-DONFUT, Claudine; LAPIERRE, Nicole.
The welfare family: Three generations in Guadeloupean society.
This article analyses family transformations resulting from the impact of social welfare poli-cies and modernisation in Guadeloupe, an island in the French Caribbean. The analysis is taken from a study of three-generational families in which a "pivot" member between 49 and 53 years of age, one parent, and one adult child were interviewed. The study, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, concerns the forms of cultural, domestic, and economic exchanges between the generations, in addition to the various social welfare allowances re-ceived by the members of the families who were interviewed. The results show the comple-mentarity between public and family forms of support. They also show how social welfare benefits have transformed the respective social status of different generations, the functioning of family solidarity, and the ways that poverty is being fought.
(GUADELOUPE, GENERATIONS, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, POVERTY).
English - pp. 329-346.
C. Attias-Donfut, CNAV, Paris, France; N. Lapierre, CNRS, Paris, France.
***
THE HISTORY OF THE FAMILY, 2000, Vol. 5, N° 4 Special Issue: The Demography of Industrializing Cities Guest Editors: Patrice BOURDELAIS and Lars-Göran TEDEBRAND
Demographic changes in European industrializing towns: Examples and elements for comparison.
Large data bases assembled for industrializing European cities now permit cross-cultural comparisons of populations that underwent demographic changes as a result of the industriali-zation process in the nineteenth century. The article draws into a comparative framework communities in France, Sweden, and Belgium, and compares their population development during early industrialization when population growth was rapid (paroxysmal). Special atten-tion is paid to household structure, infant and child mortality, and differential behaviors of "immigrant" and "native" populations. Finally, the article offers a general model population change during early industrialization as a comparative framework for future research.
(FRANCE, BELGIUM, SWEDEN, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, INDUSTRIALIZA-TION, CITIES, POPULATION DYNAMICS, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS).
English - pp. 363-372.
P. Bourdelais, Ecole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 54 bd Raspail, 75006 Paris, France.
***
LEE, William Robert; MARSCHALCK, Peter.
Demographic change and industrialization in Germany, 1815-1914: Bremen in compara-tive perspective.
The article analyzes demographic change in Bremen 1815-1914 against the background of changing employment opportunities. Within the pre-industrial employment structure, which still prevailed in the decades after 1850, in-migrants were particularly disadvantaged. When modern industries developed the situation changed. At the beginning of the twentieth century both male and female in-migrants benefited from a higher life expectancy than the city-born population had. The strong sectoral changes in employment opportunities in Bremen at the turn of the century reinforced the trends towards family limitation. More skilled in-migrants felt the need to adapt their reproductive behavior in order to facilitate upward social mobility. The article argues for a wider use of archival data, like those used in this study, to explore issues relating to urban demographic change in German cities during industrialization.
(GERMANY, CITIES, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, INDUSTRIALIZATION, POPU-LATION DYNAMICS, LABOUR MARKET).
English - pp. 373-390.
W. R. Lee, Department of Economics and Social History, University of Liverpool, U.K.; P. Marschalck, Institute for Migration Research and Intercultural Studies (IMIS), Universität Osnabrück, Germany.
***
The age at marriage of migrants during the industrial revolution in the region of Liège.
The article examines the cities and towns in the Liège region during industrialization in the nineteenth century, focusing on the relationship between marriage, migration, and entry of people into urban areas. The average age at marriage was higher for in-migrants than for na-tives, but so was the intensity of nuptiality. Thus the average age at marriage is not the sole statistic through which to approach questions about the socio-demographic consequences of arrival into town. Towns had several, seemingly closed, marriage markets, and it is important to pay attention to differential behaviors by taking this fact into account. Moreover, in-migration to an industrial city created opportunities to contract marriage, for women as well as men. Sometimes marriages occurred in the village, and were contracted in order to escape the old system and to prepare for the migration to the city of the young couple. Structural as well as life-course approaches must be combined for a thorough understanding of migration to industrializing cities.
(BELGIUM, CITIES, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, AGE AT MARRIAGE, MIGRANTS).
English - pp. 391-413.
M. Oris, Department of Economic History, University of Geneva, 102 bd Carl-Vögt, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
***
BRÄNDSTRÖM, Anders; SUNDIN, Jan; TEDEBRAND, Lars-Göran.
Two cities: Urban migration and settlement in nineteenth-century Sweden.
The article examines how migrants settled and formed families in two Swedish towns -- Linköping and Sundsvall -- with different occupational structures during industrialization. Sex- and socio-economic differentials in the rural-urban and urban-urban migration are dis-cussed, as well as persistence rates in the new urban environment among different social groups. Analysis of in-migration and marriage patterns shows that social and geographical endogamy are equally significant in the two towns. Migrants tended primarily to marry mi-grants and town-born primarily to marry town-born. Moreover, relatively closed marriage boundaries were found among the in-migrants: those that came from an urban background tended to find an 'urban partner'.
(SWEDEN, CITIES, HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, INDUSTRIALIZATION, IMMI-GRANTS, NUPTIALITY, ENDOGAMY).
English - pp. 415-429.
A. Brändström, Demographic Data Base, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; J. Sundin, De-partment of Health and Society, Linköping University, Sweden; L.-G. Tedebrand, Department of Historical Studies, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
***
The demography of the industrialised province of Biscay in Northern Spain: Spatial differ-ences and long-term changes.
The article examines the profound social and demographic effects of industrialization and modernization on the province of Biscay in northern Spain. Careful analysis of household listings and census results for the years 1815, 1900, and 1930 for three representative regions of the province - the capital Bilbao, the new industrial center of Baracaldo, and a selection of rural communities - shows the profound effects of industrial immigration to the area on fertil-ity and mortality patterns, nuptiality behaviors, and household structures. In addition, the ac-cumulated changes left a socio-cultural division in the province between a modernized urban-industrial and a traditional rural region - a division that was strongly felt well into the twenti-eth century.
(SPAIN, PROVINCES, INDUSTRIALIZATION, HISTORY, IMMIGRATION, POPULA-TION DYNAMICS, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS).
English - pp. 431-448.
A. Pareja Alonso, Department of Contemporary History, University of the Basque Country, Campus of Leioa, 48.940 Leioa (Vizcaya), Spain.
hcbpaala@lg.chu.es.
***
Elderly women in the cities of Central Europe in the eighteenth century.
This study examines the elderly during the age of late feudalism in urban areas of Central Europe. Based on 1791 censuses carried out in six Polish towns (diversified both in size and functions), the author determines the population of older people by gender, marital status, and family position. The article also highlights the economic role of older women in the pre-industrial town. Calculations have been performed using software designed to process mass source data (e.g., censuses or birth, marriage, and death registers).
(POLAND, HISTORY, URBAN AREAS, AGED, DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES, WOMEN).
English - pp. 451-471.
C. Kuklo, Institute of History, University of Bialystok, University Square, 15420 Bialystok, Poland.
***
Rural life courses in Norway: Living within the rural-urban complementarity.
The article explores how migration to rural areas might be a life phase strategy, especially when families are in the expanding phase. Rural life may be experienced as qualitatively bet-ter than urban living, as safer and more relaxing. At the same time, rural life is not an exclu-sive choice but a part of the individual complementarity in rural-urban orientation throughout the life course. The study is based on 48 life story interviews with men and women in rural communities of central Norway. Since informants represent various age groups, the article also examines changes in rural living during the last several decades.
(NORWAY, TURNAROUND MIGRATION, RURAL ENVIRONMENT, FAMILY LIFE CYCLE, RURAL-URBAN DIFFERENTIALS).
English - pp. 473-490.
M. Villa, Center for Rural Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
***