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JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY, February 1999, Vol. 61, N° 1
ELO, Irma T.; BERKOWITZ KING, Rosalind; FURSTENBERG, Frank F., Jr.
Adolescent females: Their sexual partners and the fathers of their children.
This study examines age differences among adolescent females, the fathers of their children, and their first sexual partners, as well as the girl's relationship to her first partner. It uses data from Vital Statistics, the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, and the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. We investigate the potential impact of statutory rape laws on teen fertility and the initiation of sexual activity. We find that age differences between teen mothers and the fa-thers of their children follow historic norms. We further show that one may draw misleading conclusions about the extent to which teen girls engage in sexual activity with older men if con-clusions are based simply on data on births. Finally, our demonstration of the potential effects of statutory rape laws on teen births and the age pattern of first intercourse suggests that even suc-cessful enforcement of these laws is unlikely to lead to substantial reductions in teen childbear-ing.
(UNITED STATES, ADOLESCENTS, WOMEN, ADOLESCENT FERTILITY, SEXUAL RE-LATIONSHIPS, FATHER, AGE, LAW).
English - pp. 74-84.
I. T. Elo, R. Berkowitz King and F. F. Furstenberg Jr., Population Studies Center and Depart-ment of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.
popelo@pop.upenn.edu.
***
MILLER, Kim S.; FOREHAND, Rex; KOTCHICK, Beth A.
Adolescent sexual behavior in two ethnic minority samples: The role of family variables.
This study examined family structural variables (family income, parental education, and maternal marital status) and process variables (maternal monitoring, mother-adolescent general communi-cation, mother-adolescent sexual communication, and maternal attitudes about adolescent sexual behavior) as predictors of indices of adolescent sexual behavior and risk due to sexual behavior in 907 Black and Hispanic families from Montgomery, Alabama, New York City, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. The findings indicated that family-structure variables failed to predict adolescent sexual behavior. In contrast, each of three family process variables predicted multiple indices of adolescent sexual behavior and risk due to sexual behavior. Neither adolescent gender nor ethnic-ity qualified the findings. Differences did emerge among the three locations and by reporter (ado-lescent or mother) of the family process variables.
(UNITED STATES, PUERTO RICO, ADOLESCENTS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, ETHNIC GROUPS, FAMILY ENVIRONMENT, RISK).
English - pp. 85-98.
K. S. Miller, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, STD, & TB Pre-vention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A., R. Forehand and B. A. Kotchick, Insti-tute for Behavioral Research and Psychology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A.
kxm3@cdc.gov.
***
Parenting processes related to sexual risk-taking behaviors of adolescent males and fe-males.
This study extends current research on the relationship of parenting processes to adolescent sex-ual behavior by asking what parenting behaviors are related to sexual risk taking among sexually active adolescent males and females. Parenting behaviors considered were communication about sexual issues, support, and psychological and behavioral controls. Sexual risk taking was as-sessed by using a composite measure of the number of sexual partners, the consistency of contra-ceptive use, and the effectiveness of contraceptive method. The sample of 350 primarily White ninth- to 12th-grade students was drawn from a population of 2,257 junior and high school stu-dents who were surveyed as part of a larger study. Logistic regression analysis revealed gender differences in the effect of parents' behaviors on the sexual risk taking of their sons and daugh-ters. An interaction effect was observed between parental communication about sexual issues and perceived parental support for males only. For females, parental psychological control increased the odds that a sexually active daughter would take more sexual risks. In addition, parental moni-toring significantly decreased the odds that sexually active male and female adolescents would be high risk takers.
(UNITED STATES, ADOLESCENTS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, FAMILY ENVIRONMENT, PARENTS, RISK).
English - pp. 99-109.
K. Boyce Rodgers, Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Hulbert Hall, Room 32E, P.O. Box 646236, Pullman, WA 99163, U.S.A.
krodgrs@mail.wsu.edu.
***
Bringing home the bacon: Marital allocation of income-earning responsibility, job shifts, and men's wages.
Studies show that married men earn more than single men, even when human capital is con-trolled. There has been little effort to integrate the study of the marriage effect on men's wages with the literature on the division of labor in the household or to understand behavioral processes that link marital status to men's wages. This study addresses both oversights. Three dominant perspectives on the allocation of household responsibilities suggest that married couples are likely to assign more income-earning responsibility to the husband. These perspectives can be extended to predict that married men set higher earnings goals than single men. Married men are likely to be more attentive to opportunities to increase their earnings and to risks that could re-duce their earnings. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this study fo-cuses on men's job-shift processes. Findings indicate that married men are more likely than single men to pursue job-shift patterns that result in greater wage gains and to avoid those that result in lower wage gains and that a portion of the marriage differential in men's wages is attrib-utable to job-shift processes.
(UNITED STATES, MARRIED MEN, SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR, SEX ROLES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY, WAGES).
English - pp. 110-122.
E. H. Gorman, Department of Sociology, Harvard University, William James Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
gorman@wjh.harvard.edu.
***
DROBNIC, Sonja; BLOSSFELD, Hans-Peter; ROHWER, Götz.
Dynamics of women's employment patterns over the family life course: A comparison of the United States and Germany.
We use event history analysis to study the effects of family-related factors on the employment behavior of U.S. and (West) German women in a dynamic life course perspective. Data from the National Survey of Families and Households and the German Socioeconomic Panel are analysed to examine the differential determinants of entry into and exit from full-time and part-time em-ployment during the family life course and the differences in these processes between the two countries. Marriage and childbearing continue to influence exit from and entry into paid work in both countries. Family structure plays a stronger role in women's working lives in Germany than in the U.S., and part-time work in Germany is more closely related to childbearing.
(UNITED STATES, GERMANY, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, FAMILY LIFE CYCLE, LA-BOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS).
English - pp. 133-146.
S. Drobnic, Universität Bremen, EMPAS/Sfb 186, Postfach 330 440, D-28334 Bremen, Ger-many; H.-P. Blossfeld, Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Soziologie, Postfach 100 131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany, G. Rohwer, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Sozialwissenschaften, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
sdrobnic@sfbl86.uni-bremen.de; hpb@post.uni-bielefeld.de; goetz.rohwer@ruhr-uni-bochum.de.
***
SASSLER, Sharon; SCHOEN, Robert.
The effect of attitudes and economic activity on marriage.
Delay of marriage among young adults often is attributed to the diminishing importance of mar-riage. Cultural explanations are also used to explain differences in the marriage rates of Whites and Blacks. Nonetheless, research on factors influencing marriage has largely overlooked the role of attitudes. We use individual-level perspectives data from Waves I and II of the National Survey of Families and Households to examine whether attitudes are responsible for sex and race differences in marriage rates, net of economic opportunity. We find that persons expressing posi-tive attitudes about marriage are significantly more likely to marry, and favorable assessments of marriage accentuate the positive effects of economic attributes on marriage odds. However, structural, not cultural, differences account for the large racial differences in marriage rates.
(UNITED STATES, MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT, ATTITUDE, SEX DIFFERENTIALS, RACES).
English - pp. 147-159.
S. Sassler, Department of Sociology, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, U.S.A., R. Schoen, Department of Population Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A.
ssassler@shiva.hunter.cuny.edu.
***
DRISCOLL, Anne K.; HEARN, Gesine K.; EVANS, V. Jeffery; MOORE, Kristin A.; SUGLAND, Barbara W.; VAUGHN, Call
Nonmarital childbearing among adult women.
We look at fertility and economic outcomes of women with three types of nonmarital births and women who have marital births. The sample is from the National Survey of Families and House-holds. Net of controls, married and unmarried women with a recent birth are equally likely to have another birth. Never-married and previously married mothers are more likely to have an-other nonmarital birth than are other women. Additional nonmarital births to never-married women are associated with being on welfare, not being employed, and having low household income.
(UNITED STATES, LEGITIMATE BIRTHS, ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS, FERTILITY DE-TERMINANTS, DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS).
English - pp. 178-187.
A. K. Driscoll, K. A. Moore and B. W. Sugland, 4301 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 100, Washing-ton. DC 20008, U.S.A.; G. K. Hearn and V. J. Evans, National Institute of Child Health and Hu-man Development, Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Center for Population Research, NICHD, 6100 Executive Boulevard, Room 8B13, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A.; V. Call, Center for Family Studies, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, U.S.A.
adriscoll@childtrends.org; evansj @ nichd.nih.gov; vaughn_call@byu.edu.
***
Treating the dyad as the unit of analysis: A primer on three analytic approaches.
This article reviews three analytic approaches for treating the dyad as the unit of analysis. These approaches are useful for the specific, but quite common, situation in which researchers have information from or about two members of a dyad. Three approaches are described: intraclass correlations as a measure of similarity, repeated measures analysis of variance, and hierarchical linear modeling. All three approaches are used to analyze the same data taken from the first wave of a short-term longitudinal study of 197 families with adolescent children.
(METHODOLOGY, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, METHODS OF ANALYSIS).
English - pp. 213-223.
M. C. Maguire, Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, S-110 Henderson Building, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
mcm140@psu.edu.
***
JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY, May 1999, Vol. 61, N° 2
Father involvement in childrearing and the perceived stability of marriage.
The central hypothesis of this article, that large investments by fathers in childrearing are associ-ated with high marital stability is tested against two competing hypotheses about marital stabil-ity. The hypotheses are examined using data from a national survey of households in the Netherlands. Investments are measured with retrospective questions about the degree to which fathers were involved in childrearing tasks. Divorce is measured indirectly, with questions about husbands' and wives' perceptions of the stability of their marriage. Multivariate analyses indicate that when fathers are more involved in childrearing, they have a stabler marriage. When indica-tors of the wife's marital satisfaction are included, however, the effect of the father's involvement disappears. Involved fathers have stabler marriages, not because they have much investment to lose after a possible breakup, but because the wife is happier if the husband is strongly involved with the children.
(NETHERLANDS, FAMILY STABILITY, FATHER, CHILD REARING, DIVORCE).
English - pp. 409-421.
M. Kalmijn, Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 8584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands.
m.kalmijn@fss.uu.nl.
***
FENG, Du; GIARRUSSO, Roseann; BENGTSON, Vern L.; FRYE, Nancy.
Intergenerational transmission of marital quality and marital instability.
We used longitudinal data involving parents and children to investigate the intergenerational transmission of marital quality and instability and the effects of parental divorce on children's marital quality. Results indicated that parental divorce increased daughters' likelihood of divorce, that some life course factors mediate the intergenerational transmission of divorce, that parental divorce had little impact on children's marital quality, and that the transmission of marital quality is moderated by parent and child gender. We discussed possible mechanisms for the intergenera-tional transmissions of marital instability and marital quality.
(FAMILY STABILITY, DIVORCE, GENERATIONS, PARENTS, CHILDREN).
English - pp. 451-463.
D. Feng and N. Frye, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Texas Tech Uni-versity, Box 41162, Lubbock, TX 79409, U.S.A.; R. Giarrusso and V. L. Bengtson, Andrus Ger-ontology Center, University of Southern California, Mail Stop 0191, Los Angeles, CA 90089, U.S.A.
dfeng@hs.ttu.edu.
***
MILKIE, Melissa A.; PELTOLA, Pia.
Playing all the roles: Gender and the work-family balancing act.
Much sociological research focuses on employed women's strains in negotiating paid work and family demands. Yet few studies examine women's subjective sense of success in balancing these spheres, especially compared with men. Using a sample of married, employed Americans from the 1996 General Social Survey, we examine feelings about work-family balance, and we find, unexpectedly, that women and men report similar levels of success and kinds of work-family tradeoffs. We find some gender differences, however. For men, imbalance is predicted by longer work hours, wives who work fewer hours, perceived unfairness in sharing housework, marital unhappiness, and tradeoffs made at work for family and at home for work. For women, only marital unhappiness and sacrifices at home are imbalancing, and for women who are employed full-time, young children are.
(UNITED STATES, MARRIED WOMEN, MARRIED MEN, WOMEN'S ROLE, WORKING LIFE, FAMILY LIFE, SATISFACTION).
English - pp. 476-490.
M. A. Milkie and P. Peltola, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, 2112 Art-Sociology Building, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A.
mmilkie@socy.u.d.edu.
***
JUANG, Linda P.; SILBEREISEN, Rainer K.; WIESNER, Mar-git.
Predictors of leaving home in young adults raised in Germany: A replication of a 1991 study.
This study replicates and expands a previous study conducted by Silbereisen, Meschke, and Schwarz (1996) that examined the timing and correlates of leaving home in former East and West Germany using data gathered in 1991. With data collected in 1996, we show that East Germans were more likely to leave home earlier than West Germans. Furthermore, predictors of home leaving (e.g., parental divorce) differed somewhat, depending on the region. East and West Germans were more similar in the pattern of predictors in 1996 than in 1991. This offers support for the hypothesis that under reunification, these two regions were moving toward greater simi-larity in this transition to adulthood. The results underscore the importance of macrolevel forces on individual decisions, such as when the young adult leaves the parental home.
(GERMANY, REGIONS, CHILDREN, ADULTHOOD, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS).
English - pp. 505-515.
L. P. Juang, R. K. Silbereisen and M. Wiesner, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Department of Developmental Psychology, Am Steiger 3/1, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
s7juli@rz.uni-jena.de.
***
HEATON, Tim B.; JACOBSON, Cardell K.; HOLLAND, Kimber-lee.
Persistence and change in decisions to remain childless.
Numerous researchers have examined the incidence, correlates, and predictors of childlessness. Few, however, have examined changes in intended childlessness because the longitudinal data required to track these changes are rare. We utilize the National Survey of Families and House-holds to examine trends in intentions to remain childless. We include both demographic and ideational variables in the analysis, and we focus on respondents between the ages of 19 and 39 years who had not had children at the beginning of the study. The largest group wants children but still postpone childbearing. The next largest group carries out their intention to have children. The third largest group switches from wanting children to not wanting children. Some are consis-tently childless in both surveys. Finally, a relatively small group did not intend to have a child in the first survey but subsequently had a child. Marital status is the most salient predictor for hav-ing children, but cohabitors also are more likely to have children than are single noncohabi-tors.
(UNITED STATES, VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS, LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS, FER-TILITY DETERMINANTS).
English - pp. 531-539.
T. B. Heaton and C. K. Jacobson, Department of Sociology, Brigham Young University, 800 Spencer W. Kimball Tower, P.O. Box 25547, Provo, UT 84602, U.S.A.; K. Holland, Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A.
tim-heaton@byu.edu.
***
JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY, August 1999, Vol. 61, N° 3
AMATO, Paul R.; GILBRETH, Joan G.
Nonresident fathers and children's well-being: A meta-analysis.
We employed meta-analytic methods to pool information from 63 studies dealing with nonresi-dent fathers and children's well-being. Fathers' payment of child support was positively associ-ated with measures of children's well-being. The frequency of contact with nonresident fathers was not related to child outcomes in general. Two additional dimensions of the father-child rela-tionship - feelings of closeness and authoritative parenting - were positively associated with chil-dren's academic success and negatively associated with children's externalizing and internalizing problems.
(UNITED STATES, FATHER, SEPARATED PERSONS, CHILDREN, INDIVIDUAL WEL-FARE, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION).
English - pp. 557-573.
P. R. Amato, Department of Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, 211 Oswald Tower, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.; J. G. Gilbreth, Department of Sociology, University of Ne-braska, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A.
***
BURR, Jeffrey A.; MUTCHLER, Jan E.
Race and ethnic variation in norms of filial responsibility among older persons.
Race and ethnic diversity in attachment to the norms of intergenerational filial responsibility is examined in a sample of older persons drawn from the National Survey of Families and House-holds (NSFH). The findings show that older Blacks and Hispanics are more likely than older non-Hispanic Whites to agree that each generation should provide coresidence assistance when needed. In terms of attitudes about exchanging financial aid, there tend to be fewer differences between each group. Moreover, in a longitudinal analysis of living arrangements, the impact of race on the likelihood of living with an adult child is reduced to statistical insignificance when variation in commitment to norms governing coresidence is controlled.
(UNITED STATES, AGED, RACES, ETHNIC GROUPS, FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS, ATTI-TUDE, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, SOCIAL NORMS).
English - pp. 674-687.
J. A. Burr and J. E. Mutchler, Gerontology Institute and Center, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, U.S.A.
jeffrey.burr@umb.edu.
***
The effects of transitions in marital status on men's performance of housework.
Using data from the two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households, I analyze impact of transitions in marital status on changes in men's time spent in housework. The transi-tions occur among five marital statuses: never married, cohabiting, married, separated, and wid-owed. I find that men reduce the time they spend in routine housework when they form couple households and increase it when they leave couple households. In contrast, women increase the time they spend doing housework when they enter coresidential unions and reduce it when they exit. This finding suggests that, with respect to housework time at least, the formation of house-holds with adult partner of the opposite gender remains more to men's advantage than to women's.
(UNITED STATES, MARITAL STATUS, MEN'S ROLE, WOMEN'S ROLE, SEXUAL DIVI-SION OF LABOUR).
English - pp. 700-711.
S. Gupta, Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, U.S.A.
sangupta@umich. edu.
***
Historical changes and life course variation in the determinants of premarital childbear-ing.
Longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for a sample of 2,794 women ob-served between 1968 and 1993 are used to examine whether the impact of established sociode-mographic determinants of the risk of a first premarital birth has changed over time or varies by age. Event history analyses reveal that the risk of a premarital birth is greater for Black women and Latinas than for White women and non-Latinas, that it declines with the socioeconomic status of the family of origin, is greater for women growing up in a mother-only family, increases with neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, and is higher in metropolitan areas and in areas outside the South. Over time, the racial difference in the risk of a first premarital birth has de-clined, a trend that cannot be attributed to changing racial differentials in family background characteristics or geographic location. In contrast, the difference in premarital childbearing risks between Latinas and non-Latinas has widened. The inverse impact of childhood family income on women's risk of a premarital birth weakens significantly as women age.
(UNITED STATES, PREMARITAL BIRTHS, FERTILITY DETERMINANTS, EVENT HIS-TORY ANALYSIS, LIFE CYCLE, TRENDS, DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY).
English - pp. 752-763.
S. J. South, Department of Sociology and Center for Social and Demographic Analysis, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Social Science 340, Albany, NY 12222, U.S.A.
s.south@albany.edu.
***
Do men's characteristics affect whether a nonmarital pregnancy results in marriage?
A decline in the likelihood that a nonmarital pregnancy results in marriage has contributed to the dramatic rise in the nonmarital birth ratio since the 1960s in the United States. This study exam-ines the effect of men's characteristics on whether they marry in the event of a nonmarital preg-nancy and whether changes in average characteristics and in the effect of men's characteristics have contributed to the decline in the probability of legitimation. The results indicate that the characteristics associated with the probability of marriage differ for Whites and Blacks. Changes over time in men's behavior and in men's average characteristics appear to have lowered the probability of legitimation among White men, but changes in men's behavior appear to have con-tributed to the decline in legitimation among Black men.
(UNITED STATES, PREMARITAL PREGNANCY, MARRIAGE, MEN, RACES, BEHAV-IOUR).
English - pp. 764-773.
M. Zavodny, Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 104 Marietta Street, NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, U.S.A.
madeline.zavodny@atl.frb.org.
***
Childhood migration and social integration in adulthood.
This study develops and tests two hypotheses regarding how childhood, adolescent, and postado-lescent migration are associated with social integration in adulthood. Competing explanations are tested by estimating a number of models that control for earlier family context and contemporary adult characteristics. Using a national longitudinal and intergenerational data set, the results re-veal that the age when a move occurred is associated with both higher and lower levels of social integration in adulthood. The direction of the associations depends on the sex of the offspring, the age at migration, and the measure of social integration. Adolescence appears to be the age when the effects of migration are most pronounced. Variables such as experiencing a parental divorce, low parental support, or growing up in a stepfamily and variables measuring adult char-acteristics of the adult offspring alter modestly the migration integration relationships.
(UNITED STATES, INTEGRATION, MIGRATION, CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE).
English - pp. 774-789.
S. M. Myers, Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, 203E East Hall, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A.
smmyers@iastate.edu.
***
SCHOEN, Robert; ASTONE, Nan Marie; KIM, Young J.; NA-THANSON, Constance A.; FIELDS, Jason M.
Do fertility intentions affect fertility behavior?
We examine the relationship between fertility intentions and fertility behavior using a sample of 2,812 non-Hispanic Whites interviewed twice by the National Survey of Families and House-holds. Time 1 fertility intentions are strong and persistent predictors of fertility, even after con-trolling for background and life course variables. The effect is greater when the intentions are held with greater certainty. In contrast, the expected timing of births has a much more modest and short-term effect. Only marital status has an effect with a magnitude that is comparable with that of fertility intentions. Fertility intentions do not mediate the effects of other variables but do contribute additional predictive power. The substantive importance of intentions emphasizes the salience of individual motivations and argues for a redirection of fertility research toward studies of the interactions between the individual and society.
(UNITED STATES, RACES, FERTILITY DETERMINANTS, EXPECTED FAMILY SIZE, FAMILY SIZE, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR).
English - pp. 790-799.
R. Schoen, N. M. Astone, Y. J. Kim and C. A. Nathanson, Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A.; J. M. Fields, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233, U.S.A.
rschoen@jhsph.edu.
***
JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY, November 1999, Vol. 61, N° 4
Using kin for child care: Embedment in the socioeconomic networks of extended families.
This exploratory analysis offers a new explanation of why African American and Mexican American mothers who are employed are more likely than Anglo American mothers to use child-care arrangements with relatives. In-depth interviews with 31 racially diverse employed mothers revealed race and ethnic differences in views of the appropriateness of using kin-based care. The analysis shows how decisions to use kin-based child care are shaped not by only the individual needs of the family that requires child care, but also by how families with young children are embedded in the socioeconomic networks of the extended family and take the economic needs of the members of their extended families into account when making childcare arrangements.
(UNITED STATES, ETHNIC GROUPS, EXTENDED FAMILY, CHILD CARE, KINSHIP, FAMILY COMPOSITION).
English - pp. 845-857.
L. Uttal, School of Human Ecology, Child and Family Studies, 1430 Linden Drive, #204, Madi-son, WI 53706, U.S.A.
***
Residential mobility as a way of life: Evidence of intergenerational similarities.
I examine how an individual's earlier experiences of residential mobility in his or her family of origin are associated with the experiences of residential mobility in adulthood. Two family-of-origin models are tested. The socialization model argues that children learn from their parents' mobility behaviors and replicate these behaviors in adulthood. The status-inheritance model ar-gues that parent-adult child similarity in mobility behaviors is a result of parents and adult chil-dren sharing characteristics that are associated with mobility. Briefly, I find that those who moved more often as children and adolescents moved more often as adults and were more likely to move in response to several life course transitions. A good deal of parent-adult child similar-ity, though, is explained by the status-inheritance model.
(RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, REPEATED MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, PARENTS, CHILDREN).
English - pp. 871-880.
S. M. Myers, Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, 108 East Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1070, U.S.A.
***
UPCHURCH, Dawn M.; ANESHENSEL, Carol S.; SUCOFF, Clea A.; LEVY-STORMS, Lené.
Neighborhood and family contexts of adolescent sexual activity.
Using a community-based sample of 870 adolescents in Los Angeles, we examine the influences of neighborhood and family contexts on the transition to first sex. We find that the risk of sex is not solely due to neighborhood socioeconomic status and race, but rather, that it is the social conditions that covary with these structural attributes that are important. Teens living in single-parent or reconstituted families have higher risks, as do teens who report high levels of parental over control. When compared with White girls, Black and Hispanic boys exhibit higher risk and Hispanic girls exhibit lower risk of having sex.
(UNITED STATES, MEGALOPOLIS, ADOLESCENTS, FAMILY ENVIRONMENT, SO-CIAL ENVIRONMENT, RACES, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR).
English - pp. 920-933.
D. M. Upchurch and C. S. Aneshensel, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, U.S.A.; C. A. Sucoff, Divi-sion of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, Box 721 UMHC (D136 Mayo), 420 Delaware Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A.; L. Levy-Storms, Depart-ment of Health Promotion and Gerontology, School of Allied Health Sciences, 301 University Boulevard, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, U.S.A.
upchurch@ucla.edu.
***
WHITBECK, Les B.; YODER, Kevin A.; HOYT, Dan R.; CON-GER, Rand D.
Early adolescent sexual activity: A developmental study.
This study uses event history analysis to examine predictors of early sexual intercourse for a sample of 457 adolescents in grades 8 through 10 from two-parent and single-mother families. We ran panels for each predictor variable when controlling only for family structure, pubertal development, gender, and grade level to assess changes in influence of individual predictors across time. A full model consisting of all statistically significant predictor variables and interac-tions was then run to determine the most influential predictors across time. Results indicate sig-nificant decrease in the effect of mother monitoring by 10th grade. We also found significant interactions for gender: time devoted to school activities and homework delayed becoming sexu-ally active for young women but not young men. Similarly, depressed affect increased the likeli-hood of early intercourse among young women but not young men. Results for the full model indicated that when controlling for all other influences, the primary predictors of early inter-course were age, opportunity (being in steady relationship), sexually permissive attitudes, asso-ciation with delinquent peers, and alcohol use.
(UNITED STATES, ADOLESCENTS, SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, FAMILY ENVIRONMENT, SEX DIFFERENTIALS).
English - pp. 934-946.
L. B. Whitbeck, K. A. Yoder, D. R. Hoyt, and R. D. Conger, Institute for Social and Behavioral
***
EDGELL BECKER, Penny; MOEN, Phyllis.
Scaling back: Dual-earner couples' work-family strategies.
Recent work has focused substantially on one subset of dual-earners, the high-powered two-career couple. We use in-depth interviews with more than 100 people in middle-class dual-earner couples in upstate New York to investigate the range of couples' work-family strategies. We find that the majority are not pursuing two high-powered careers but are typically engaged in what we call scaling back - strategies that reduce and restructure the couple's commitment to paid work over the life course, and thereby buffer the family from work encroachments. We identify three separate scaling-back strategies: placing limits; having a one-job, one-career marriage; and trad-ing off. Our findings support and extend other research by documenting how gender and life-course factors shape work-family strategies. Wives disproportionately do the scaling back, al-though in some couples husbands and wives trade family and career responsibilities over the life course. Those in the early childrearing phase are most apt to scale back, but a significant propor-tion of couples at other life stages also use these work-family strategies.
(UNITED STATES, MEGALOPOLIS, TWO-INCOME HOUSEHOLD, FAMILY LIFE, LIFE CYCLE, LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION).
English - pp. 995-1007.
P. Edgell Becker and P. Moen, Department of Sociology, Cornell University, 323 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.
peb4@cornell.edu.
The timing of childbearing and women's wages.
Early child bearers are more vulnerable to the adverse impact of children on wages than are those who delay childbearing. Early child bearers are likely to experience a higher wage penalty be-cause their career interruptions occur during the critical period of career building. Education re-duces the magnitude of the penalty. With the use of data from the young women cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey, I investigated the wage losses associated with the presence of children, net of work experience, while addressing unobserved heterogeneity. Consistent with life course theory, the timing of childbearing significantly influences the extent to which this event shapes women's life chances.
(ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHY, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, FERTILITY, BIRTHS SPACING, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS).
English - pp. 1008-1019.
H. Taniguchi, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, University Square, CB 8120, 123 West Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-3997, U.S.A.
taniguch@email.unc.edu.
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RANK, Mark R.; HIRSCHL, Thomas A.
The economic risk of childhood in America: Estimating the probability of poverty across the formative years.
This article estimates the proportion of children in the United States who will experience poverty at some point during their childhood. These proportions are derived through a set of life tables built from 25 waves of longitudinal data. They represent a fundamentally different approach to studying poverty than either a cross-sectional or poverty spell methodology. Our data indicate that between the ages of 1 year and 17 years, 34% of American children will spend at least 1 year below the poverty line, 40% will experience poverty at the 125% level, and 18% will face ex-treme poverty (below 50% of the poverty line). A series of bivariate and multivariate life tables reveal that race, family structure, and parental education all have a sizeable impact on the likeli-hood of experiencing poverty. During the 17 years of childhood, 69% of Black children, 81% of children in nonmarried households, and 63% of children whose head of household had fewer than 12 years of education will be touched by poverty.
(UNITED STATES, CHILDREN, POVERTY, LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS, LIFE CYCLE, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS).
English - pp. 1058-1067.
M. R. Rank, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A.; T. A. Hirschl, Department of Rural Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.
markr@gwbssw.wustl.edu.
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NILSSON, Karina; STRANDH, Mattias.
Nest leaving in Sweden: The importance of early educational and labor market careers.
This article investigates the importance of the early educational and labor market career for nest leaving and for returning to the parental home. Using unique individual life course data for the entire Swedish cohort born in 1973, the article shows that employment means a high probability of nest leaving and stability of independent living. University studies mean a high probability of nest leaving but less stability of independent living. Those neither employed nor pursuing an education had both low probabilities of nest leaving and less stability of independent living. The early career was more important for structuring women's nest leaving than men's nest leav-ing.
(SWEDEN, YOUTH, CHILDREN, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, EMPLOYMENT, STU-DENTS).
English - pp. 1068-1079.
K. Nilsson and M. Strandh, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Umeå University, SE 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
karina.nilsson@geography.umu.se. mattias.strandh@soc.umn.se.
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JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY, February 2000, Vol. 62, No. 1
Nonstandard work schedules and marital instability.
Based on subsample of 3,476 married couples drawn from two waves of the National Survey of Families and Household, this study examines the extent to which working evening, night, or ro-tating schedules and weekends affects the likelihood of marriages ending in separation or divorce within approximately 5 years. Logistic regression analysis revealed that this relationship depends on the presence of children and is specific to the type of nonstandard schedule, the gender of the spouse, and the duration of marriage. Among men with children, married less than 5 years at Wave 1, working fixed nights made separation or divorce some six times more likely relative to working days. Among women with children, married more than 5 years at Wave 1, working fixed nights increased the odds by three times, and might have had an effect during the earlier years of marriage as well (although not statistically significant). These findings are evident when controlling for the number of hours worked as well as for demographic variables, and when con-sidering, in addition, the husband's and wife's gender ideologies and the extent to which couples spent time alone together. The question of whether spouses in troubled marriages are more likely to move into night or rotating shifts was explored, but this did not seem to be the case.
(UNITED STATES, MARRIED PERSONS, FAMILY STABILITY, SEPARATION, DI-VORCE, HOURS OF WORK, TIME-TABLE, FAMILY COMPOSITION, MARRIAGE DU-RATION, SEX DIFFERENTIALS).
English - pp. 93-110.
H. B. Presser, Center on Population, Gender and Social Inequality, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A.
presser@socy.umd.edu.
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MANNING, Wendy D.; SMOCK, Pamela J.
"Swapping" families: Serial parenting and economic support for children.
The claim that fathers "swap" families when they form new ones-that is, they shift allegiances from nonresident children to new residential children (e.g., Furstenberg, 1995)-has not been directly evaluated empirically. Drawing on data from the two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households, we test Furstenberg's argument in terms of child-support transfers to nonresidential children, and we also test an elaboration of his approach that distinguishes be-tween resident biological children and stepchildren. Using static-score models, our findings indi-cate that fathers do swap families but only when the trade-off is between new biological children living inside fathers' households and existing biological children living outside fathers' house-holds. Even though our analytic sample is small, our findings have important implications for child well-being, child-support policy, and the meaning of fatherhood.
(UNITED STATES, FAMILY COMPOSITION, FAMILY DISINTEGRATION, FATHER, CHILDREN, ALIMONY, COHABITATION).
English - pp. 111-122.
W. D. Manning, Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, U.S.A.; P. J. Smock, Department of Sociology and Population Studies Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, U.S.A.
wmannin@opie.bgsu.edu.
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FERGUSSON, David M.; WOODWARD, Lianne J.
Teenage pregnancy and female educational underachievement: A prospective study of a New Zealand birth cohort.
This paper examines the relationship between teenage pregnancy and educational underachieve-ment in a cohort of 520 young women studied from birth to 21 years. Results showed that young women who became pregnant by the age of 18 years were at increased risk of poor achievement in the national School Certificate examinations, of leaving school without qualifications, and of failing to complete their sixth-form year at high school. In addition, pregnant teenagers had lower rates of participation in tertiary education and training than their nonpregnant peers. Subsequent analyses showed that the links between teenage pregnancy and tertiary educational participation were largely noncausal and reflected the earlier academic ability, behavior, and family circum-stances of young women who became pregnant. In contrast, antecedent child and family factors only partially explained associations between teenage pregnancy and high school participation and achievement. After adjustment for these factors, significant associations remained between teenage pregnancy and educational achievement at high school. An examination of the diverse life histories of young women who became pregnant revealed that for the majority of young women, pregnancy occurred after they had left school before finishing. These findings suggest that rates of teenage pregnancy might be elevated among young women who leave school early, rather than rates of early school leaving being elevated among young women who become preg-nant during their teenage years.
(NEW ZEALAND, ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY, EDUCATION OF WOMEN, EDUCA-TIONAL DROPOUTS).
English - pp. 147-161.
D. M. Fergusson and L. J. Woodward, Christchurch Health and Development Study, Christ-church School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
david.fergusson@chmeds.ac.nz.
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Inheritance of welfare recipiency: An intergenerational study of social assistance recipiency in postwar Sweden.
Intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency has received increasing attention among social scientists, especially in the United States, as greater availability of longitudinal data has shed new light on this issue. It remains unclear, however, to what extent the intergenerational correlation of welfare recipiency observed in the United States reflects or interacts with unob-served variables, the racial composition of the population, and the institutional structure of social policies. This study focuses on Sweden, a country with an ethnically homogenous population and institutional social policy structures that differ from those in the United States. It utilizes an in-ternationally unique longitudinal data set to test hypotheses on the inheritance of welfare benefit recipiency as indicated by reliance on means-tested social assistance. A clear intergenerational effect is observed. This effect, however, reflects a combination of social assistance in the family of origin, children's school adjustment, and parental criminality. Children who lack this combina-tion of problems do not show signs of intergenerational welfare dependency.
(SWEDEN, POVERTY, SOCIAL SECURITY, DEPENDENCY, GENERATIONS, LONGI-TUDINAL ANALYSIS).
English - pp. 228-239.
S.-Å. Stenberg, Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
stenake@sofisu.se.
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