JOURNAL OF ETHNIC AND MIGRATION STUDIES, July 2000, Vol. 26, No. 3
Ethnic employment penalties in Britain.
It has been known for many years that Britain's ethnic minorities suffer disadvantage in employment. Recent findings have, however, shown a gap between the experiences of different minority groups. Indians and Chinese have employment rates and earnings levels similar to those of white members of the population; Caribbeans, Africans, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis fare worse. Eleven years of Labour Force Survey data have been combined, so that the employment of men in their 20s and 30s can be analysed in terms of age and migration, educational qualifications, the economic environment and family structures. The contrasts between different groups' economic positions are all the more striking when educational attainments are taken into account.
(ENGLAND, ETHNIC MINORITIES, EMPLOYMENT, IMMIGRANTS, LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, EDUCATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, FAMILY COMPOSITION).
English - pp. 389-416.
R. Berthoud, Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, U.K.
berthoud@essex.ac.uk.
***
GRAN, Brian K.; CLIFFORD, Elizabeth J.
Rights and ratios? Evaluating the relationship between social rights and immigration.
Since 1960 citizens of many industrialised democracies have obtained greater rights, including access to social welfare programmes. Several countries have also offered similar rights to immigrants. Some researchers hypothesise that, as a result of extending rights to immigrants, these countries face constraints in relation to the reduction of immigration flows. We evaluate this rights-based hypothesis by comparing long-term immigration of children and older adults to nine countries over a 25-year period. We find the rights-based hypothesis is a strong explanation for immigration of children, but is not the key to evaluating entry of older immigrants.
(DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IMMIGRATION, MIGRATION TRENDS, HUMAN RIGHTS, SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIAL POLICY, MIGRATION FLOW, CHILDREN, AGED).
English - pp. 417-447.
B. K. Gran, Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, 1563 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY 40507-0027, U.S.A.; E. J. Clifford, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252-0001, U.S.A.
bgran@pop.uky.edu.
eclifford@towson.edu.
***
HOWELL, David R.; MUELLER, Elizabeth J.
Immigration and native-born male earnings: A jobs-level analysis of the New York City metropolitan area labour market, 1980-90.
During the 1980s foreign-born workers increased from about 30 per cent to almost 50 per cent of all workers in the lowest paying (secondary) jobs that employ about one-third of the workforce in the New York metropolitan labour market. With data from the 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples of the US Census, we document this growth and test for the effects of recent immigrants on mean job earnings for native-born white, black and Hispanic male workers. We find that employment growth for all three native-born groups was inversely related to immigrant growth among production and non-supervisory jobs; among the best (professional, managerial and technical) jobs, both native-born black and Hispanic employment growth is fastest in the jobs experiencing rapid growth of recent immigrants. In these 'independent primary' jobs, immigrant workers appear to 'replace' only white workers. Concerning wages, we find evidence of negative immigrant wage effects for all three native-born groups, but while these impacts are substantial across the job structure for white men, they are strongest in the best (independent primary) and worst (secondary) job segments for African-American men and in the middle of the job structure (good blue-collar jobs) for native-born Hispanic men.
(UNITED STATES, CITIES, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, IMMIGRATION, LABOUR MARKET, EMPLOYMENT, IMMIGRANT WORKERS, JOB CLASSIFICATION, WAGES, WAGE EARNERS).
English - pp. 469-493.
D. R. Howell and E. J. Mueller, The Robert J. Milano Graduate School, New School University, 66 5th Av., 8th Floor, New York, NY 10011, U.S.A.
howell@newschool.edu.
mueller@newschool.edu.
***
Neutral migration models for Israel and Japan.
The 1985-95 statistical data for Israel and Japan are used to test the assumption that inter-regional migration is a function of the relationship between employment and housing availability in the area. When the relation between these factors remains constant, there is little change in net migration. When scarcity of land, a large influx of immigrants, or a government policy causes these factors to be out of balance, migration occurs. A general model of the factors affecting cross-district migration is proposed, and regression analysis is used to explain the factors influencing the rate of cross-district migration in the two countries. Empirical models are developed that make it possible to determine the preconditions for 'migration neutrality' of a region, i.e. the state of equilibrium in which the region does not exhibit either a significant influx of migrants or outflow of its current residents.
(ISRAEL, JAPAN, INTERNAL MIGRATION, EMPLOYMENT, HOUSING, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, MIGRATION FLOW, GOVERNMENT POLICY, NET MIGRATION, MODELS).
English - pp. 511-533.
B. A. Portnov, Centre for Desert Architecture and Urban Planning, J. Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boker Campus, 84990 Israel.
portnov@bgumail.bgu.ac.il.
***
JOURNAL OF ETHNIC AND MIGRATION STUDIES, 2000, Vol. 26, No. 4
Estimating commuting flows for minority ethnic groups in England and Wales.
Various studies have pointed to the persistent labour market disadvantage faced by many individuals from minority ethnic groups in Great Britain. Analyses have also shown that minority ethnic groups remain spatially concentrated in particular parts of the urban and regional system, and that they are over-represented in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage. There has been considerable debate about the skills and spatial dimensions to labour market mismatch, and minority ethnic issues have been given particular prominence in the work of the Social Exclusion Unit and Policy Action Teams. However, analysts in Great Britain examining the ethnic minority dimension to the problem of labour market mismatch are hampered by a lack of data, including detailed local information on journey-to-work flows disaggregated by ethnic group. This article is concerned with estimating commuting flows by ethnic group in England and Wales, and using these estimates to examine commuting patterns by ethnic group in 1991 in the context of employment change over the preceding inter-censal period, in order to provide some insights into labour market mismatch.
(UNITED KINGDOM, COMMUTING, MINORITY GROUPS, ETHNIC GROUPS, ESTIMATION, LABOUR MARKET, LABOUR MOBILITY).
English - pp. 581-608.
D. Owen, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.; A. E. Green, Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
D.W.Owen@warwick.ac.uk.
A.E.Green@warwick.ac.uk.
***
German and Jewish migration from the former Soviet Union to Germany: Background, trends and implications.
With the break-up of the Soviet Union, emigration from its successor states has increased considerably since the beginning of the 1990s. The most important receiving country of this outmigration has been Germany, which admitted approximately 1.63 million ethnic Germans and 120,000 Jews from the former Soviet Union between 1990 and 1999. In this article I explore the background and the implications of this recent emigration movement of Germans and Jews from the former Soviet Union to Germany. First, the migration movement of ethnic Germans and Jews will be described in the light of the German admission policy. Second, the social and cultural background and the emigration motivation of German and Jewish migrants will be examined. Finally, the integration of these recent immigrant groups from the former Soviet Union into Germany will be explored, with reference to the concept of segmented assimilation.
(GERMANY, USSR, MIGRATION FLOW, JEWS, IMMIGRATION POLICY, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, MIGRANT ASSIMILATION).
English - pp. 635-652.
B. Dietz, Study Center for Migration and Integration, Osteuropa-Institut Munich, Scheinerstraße 11, D-81679 Munich, Germany.
bdietz@lrz.uni-muenchen.de.
***
Re-reading Arab World-New World immigration history: Beyond the prewar/postwar divide.
Historical accounts of Arab migration to and settlement in the "New World" are commonly structured in terms of a dominant theme of disruption or discontinuity centred on an immigration hiatus variously located during the interwar and World War II periods. The narratives are, hence, organised around a prewar/postwar dichotomy that posits distinctive and mutually exclusive migratory waves -- one spanning the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the other commencing immediately after World War II. This article presents a more nuanced, if not an alternative, reading of that immigration history as it pertains to flows from Arab World sources to Canada and Australia and, for purposes of comparison, to the USA. This (re)reading locates continuities in global structures and in micro-level migratory processes and entry regulation practices that transcend the prewar/postwar divide and that link Arab World-New World migrations across time and space.
(CANADA, AUSTRALIA, UNITED STATES, ARAB COUNTRIES, HISTORY, IMMIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOW, MIGRATION TRENDS).
English - pp. 653-673.
B. Aboud, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. W., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada.
baboud@alcor-concordia.ca.
***
The minority within the minority: Refugee community-based organisations in the UK and the impact of restrictionism on asylum-seekers.
Since the mid-1990s, policies and legislation for refugees and asylum-seekers have become increasingly restrictionist in the UK. Disentitlement to housing and welfare benefits and fragmented service delivery have caused widespread social exclusion and destitution amongst asylum-seekers.
The article examines some of the consequences of these policy shifts for refugee community-based organisations (RCOs). The article shows how, on the margins, RCOs have articulated the needs and expanded their activities for their client groups in an increasingly constrained policy arena. However, the vital resources that RCOs could provide are often as neglected and marginalised as the groups they serve. Financial and legal constraints to RCO action have resulted in pragmatic responses, a generally poor quality of service provision, very limited access to public resources, lack of co-ordination and networking, and limited professional capacity. These shortcomings are underpinned by institutional and structural determinants which the 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act reinforces. These flaws in the current framework of provision are explored. Some ways in which practice can be improved are outlined. Pessimistically the article concludes that, despite the rapid increase of demand for RCO services, the scope for major repositioning of RCOs away from the margins is unlikely.
(UNITED KINGDOM, MINORITY GROUPS, REFUGEES, IMMIGRATION POLICY, POLITICAL ASYLUM, ORGANIZATIONS).
English - pp. 675-697.
R. Zetter, School of Planning, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, U.K.
rwzetter@brookes.ac.uk.
***
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