INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, 2000, Vol. 6, No. 5
Poulsen, Michael; Johnston, Ron; Forrest, James.
Ethnic enclaves in New Zealand?
Most studies of ethnic segregation use relative measures of the residential separation of various groups within cities. The models that they are implicitly testing call for absolute rather than relative measures, however, and these are employed here in a comparative study of Maori, Pacific Island and Asian ethnic minorities in New Zealand's 36 largest urban areas. We find relatively little evidence of ghetto/enclave-like concentration of individual groups, except in some smaller cities where the Maori comprise a substantial proportion of the total population. There is more evidence of clustering of the Polynesian populations as a whole, however, and certainly so relative to the more recent Asian immigrants, which suggests the importance of economic disadvantage in the production of those differences. Levels of segregation across New Zealand's urban system are closely linked to the ethnic group's share of each urban area's population.
(NEW ZEALAND, ETHNIC COMPOSITION, ETHNIC GROUPS, SEGREGATION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS, URBAN AREAS, CITY SIZE, MODELS).
English - pp. 325-347.
M. Poulsen, J. Forrest, Department of Human Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia; R. Johnston, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, U.K.
r.johnston@bris.ac.uk.
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Voas, David; Williamson, Paul.
An evaluation of the combinatorial optimisation approach to the creation of synthetic microdata.
Population microdata comprise a list of households and individuals, each with an associated list of characteristics. Unfortunately, for Britain no small-area microdata exist that offer the broad range of demographic and socio-economic variables contained in the national census. There are a number of approaches to the reconstruction of such spatially detailed microdata, including data fusion, synthetic reconstruction (chain imputation) and reweighting. One variant of the reweighting approach involves the selection of a combination of households from the 1% household SAR that best fits known small-area constraints (the published census tabulations). In this paper the implementation of this combinatorial optimisation technique is more thoroughly examined. First the combinatorial optimisation process is reviewed. Then a number of methodological innovations, designed to improve the accuracy and consistency of resulting outputs, are reported. Subsequently the problems of evaluating the outputs are discussed and a new strategy is outlined for assessing the quality of synthetic microdata. The strategy proposed is generally applicable to all such data, irrespective of their means of generation. The paper goes on to provide an extensive assessment of the quality of synthetic microdata produced using the combinatorial optimisation approach. This represents the first time that such an evaluation has ever been undertaken. The results highlight the degree to which such data may be able to meet specific user needs. The paper concludes by offering an illustration of the added value that can be obtained by combining information from public-use microdata with published small-area tabulations.
(ENGLAND, METHODOLOGY, RESEARCH METHODS, MICRO-DEMOGRAGHY, DATA ANALYSIS, QUALITY OF DATA).
English - pp. 349-366.
D. Voas and P. Williamson, Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT, U.K.
voas@liv.ac.uk.
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An individual's growth environment and migration behaviour: the case of foreign-born Estonians.
In this article I examine the role an individual's early growth environment plays in her/his later migration behaviour. The research subjects are ethnic Estonians from Russia living within Estonia. I compare different groups of foreign-born Estonians in their choices of residence by variables reflecting their early growth environment. The results support the hypothesis that the socialisation variables significantly impact the choice of residence of foreign-born Estonians. The chance that foreign-borns would live in North Estonia and urban areas compared with South Estonia and rural areas is much higher in ethnic return migrants whose parents' level of education was/is higher, whose parental home was Russian-speaking, and who grew up in cities. Thus, the results of the research enable us to argue that the social environment not only influences an individual's migration behaviour directly, but also indirectly through the growth environment of her/his childhood.
(RUSSIA, ESTONIA, MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, INDIVIDUAL MIGRATION, RETURN MIGRATION, BEHAVIOUR, SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL ORIGIN).
English - pp. 367-381.
Hill Kulu, Institute of Geography, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
hill@math.ut.ee.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY, 2000, Vol. 6, No. 6
Fotheringham, A. Stewart; Champion, Tony; Wymer, Colin; Coombes, Mike.
Measuring destination attractivity: A migration example.
The power of places to draw migrants is a topic of fundamental interest in geographical and related social studies and also in policy circles. This paper describes and demonstrates the utility of a measure of migration attractivity which is considered superior to those most widely used previously. Following a review of the importance now attached to measuring place attractiveness, the paper documents the deficiencies of the most commonly used methods involving numbers and rates of in-migration and net migration. It goes on to argue for a measure of the relative intrinsic attractivity (RIA) of places which takes account of the spatial context of each place in terms of its accessibility from all the other places that are at risk of supplying residents to it. It applies this approach to migration that took place in 1990-91 between all the local authority districts of mainland Britain, as recorded by the 1991 Census. The resultant ranking of these 451 places on the basis of their migration attractivity for all persons is compared with the patterns indicated by more traditional measures. The paper then explores the characteristics of places to see what features are most closely associated with high and low levels of migration attractivity. Finally, RIA scores are calculated separately for two age groups thought to have different views about what makes for an attractive place to live, namely young adults, and people at the peak of the family-building stage of their lives.
(ENGLAND, MIGRATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, DIFFERENTIAL MIGRATION, ATTRACTION AREAS, PULL FACTORS, MIGRATION MEASUREMENT, INDICATORS, METHODOLOGY).
English - pp. 391-421.
A. S. Fotheringham, T. Champion, M. Coombes, Department of Geography, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.; C. Wymer, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, University of Newcastle, U.K.
Stewart.Fotheringham@ncl.ac.uk.
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Mulder; Clara H.; Clark, William A. V.
Leaving home and leaving the State: Evidence from the United States.
Leaving the parental home is an important first step in a long-term housing career. We extend the previous research on this topic by examining the impact of housing market factors on the risks of leaving with or without a partner in the United States. We also re-examine the role of the income of the young adult leavers in nest-leaving, and extend the previous work by studying local versus interstate movement when leaving home. We ask: does the parental housing context have an impact on the likelihood of leaving home, and to what extent is this impact different for those leaving to marry or cohabit and for those leaving to live alone? We find that although housing factors play a role, they are much less important than the young adult's own income, and that there are complex interactions with the marital status of the child. The findings on leaving and moving greater distances show that there are important differences related to leaving with or without a partner, and that this is further differentiated by education, both of the child and the father. More income and greater education lead to a greater likelihood of interstate movement coincident with leaving the parental home.
(UNITED STATES, MIGRATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION DETERMINANTS, DIFFERENTIAL MIGRATION, SPATIAL DISTANCE, MARITAL STATUS, HOUSING, FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS, EDUCATION).
English - pp. 423-437.
C. H. Mulder, Utrecht University, Urban Research Centre Utrecht, PO Box 80.115 NL-3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands; W. A. V. Clark, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
c.mulder@geog.uu.nl.
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Population displacement in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River, central China: Relocation policies and migrant views.
Employing empirical data derived from a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews (1997-1998) in the Three Gorges reservoir area, and using secondary sources in both Chinese and English, the paper describes the number, categories and spatial distribution of migrant flows, evaluates the major methods of settling relocatees, and explores the state of relocatees' feelings about their relocation. We found that the number of people to be relocated is still uncertain and environmental, social and behavioural factors influence the number. The relocation programmes are involved in settling people in nearby areas, in moving them far away, or in settling rural migrants in urban industrial enterprises. These resettlement processes are challenged respectively by a tight people/land relationship on higher ground above the reservoir, by the difficulties in rebuilding production systems and adapting to a new social setting outside the reservoir area, and by increasing unemployment in urban China. A series of problems with the relocation operation have resulted because of the lack of a generalised framework for population relocation and the inadequate involvement of those affected in policy-making and relocation affairs. Despite expressing their support for the project, the majority of rural migrants have mixed feelings about their relocation. The results of our survey and interviews have revealed the fact that a number of relocatees are facing the risk of impoverishment because of a shortage of financial and economic resources, the environmental constraints on relocation capacity, and mismanagement of the operation. Under such circumstances, it is very difficult for those affected to view their displacement as a good opportunity to improve their standard of living.
(CHINA, INTERNAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION FLOW, RESETTLEMENT POLICY, GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, IMPOVERISHMENT, SOCIAL PROBLEMS).
English - pp. 439-462.
L. Heming and P. Rees, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT.
p.rees@geog.leeds.ac.uk.
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